Categorizing FTE-like Boundary Layer Signatures Produced by the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Using Hall-MHD Simulations and Virtual Spacecraft

Magnetic reconnection and Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) are two fundamental processes at the planetary magnetospheres that can lead to plasma, momentum and energy transport over magnetospheric boundary. Flux Transfer Events (FTEs) are generally accepted to be produced by the magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause. However, there are still other possible mechanisms which create FTE-like features in the boundary layer. Kelvin-Helmholtz instability can be one of the candidates. The deformed boundary driven by the KHI at the interface of two fluids usually leads to the bipolar signatures of the normal component of the magnetic field. By using two-dimensional Hall-MHD simulations, we study signatures observed by virtual satellites as they pass through KHI along different trajectories. For the same plasma parameters across the magnetosphere and magnetosheath, slightly adjusting the projection angle of the magnetic field will give us 12 combinations of in-plain components at both sides of the boundary. In addition, we assume 3 sets of spacecraft trajectories in each simulation, which totally bring 36 different KHI signatures. While the satellites encountered well-developed KH vortex and spine region, the signatures, when detected by a spacecraft in the magnetosphere, would be easily misidentified as FTEs. The presented analysis examines and categorizes these observed signatures that are clearly generated by the KHI. These results can be used as diagnostic when analyzing spacecraft data to help distinguish KHI created signatures from FTEs

Unraveling the Multi-Scale Solar Wind Structure Between Lagrange 1-point, Lunar Orbit and Earth’s Bow Shock: Better Space Weather Prediction Through Information Theory

The space weather effects at the Earth’s magnetosphere are mostly driven by the solar wind that carries the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF). The incoming solar wind properties at L1 are typically used for developing various space weather forecasts. In this presentation we use several years of data in the solar wind from lunar orbiting ARTEMIS spacecraft and MMS upstream Earth’s bow shock to study the multi-scale structure of the IMF as determined by the Wavelet analysis. We determine the lag times between different scales and their dependence on 1) solar wind plasma properties and 2) spacecraft positions. Many solar wind parameters are correlated and anticorrelated with one another. We test the concept of conditional mutual information to isolate the effect of a single parameter and the dependence of various solar wind parameters on the time lags to provide the best/worse correlations between different scales. This will aid in isolating solar wind conditions when single point measurements of the IMF at Lagrange 1 point will likely lead to compromised space weather prediction accuracy

The medium over the message: differential knowledge of conservation outreach activities and implications for threatened species

Conservation outreach is regularly conducted to increase support for conservation by altering local awareness and attitudes about species or environmental issues. However, there is often little assessment of the effectiveness of these activities. We investigated knowledge of past conservation outreach in 26 villages adjacent to Bawangling National Nature Reserve, Hainan, China, which contains the last population of the Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus). The medium of past outreach activities was reported most frequently by interviewees, followed by who delivered them and the outreach topic, with the fewest interviewees reporting the specific messages being communicated (the consequences of following conservation management policies). Negatively-framed messages, emphasizing prohibited activities and associated punishments, were reported more than positively-framed messages that aimed to foster conservation support. Male interviewees and those with higher education levels reported more aspects of past activities. The Hainan gibbon had higher salience than other threatened native species, and reporting the occurrence (but not necessarily the content) of past outreach was associated with increased likelihood of knowing that gibbons were threatened. These findings highlight the need for conservation outreach to increase both exposure and retention of key messages among target audiences. Meaningful and concrete conservation benefits should be communicated to local communities, and the effectiveness of outreach using a flagship species could be expanded to also improve awareness of other conservation-priority species within the same landscape

Chinese-to-English phonetic transfer of Chinese university EFL students

Phonetic transfer is defined as an L1 influence on the acquisition of L2 phonetics. Previous studies have investigated phonetic transfer in the area of articulation, but the effects of L1 on L2 pronunciation measured by speech recognition technology have been under-researched. This study aims to address the issue by focusing on a sample of 676 Chinese university ESL students. Drawing on quantitative data, it examined whether the participants applied phonetic transfer to ESL learning and what factors might have influenced the results of phonetic transfer. We assumed that Chinese-to-English phonetic transfer occurs but that the extent of the transfer would be small because Chinese and English belong to different language families. However, findings from this study confirm that Chinese-to-English phonetic transfer occurs and the extent is large. The findings regarding high transferability might be attributed to spelling through phonics and the nature of pronunciation acquisition

Enabling qualitative research data sharing using a natural language processing pipeline for deidentification: Moving beyond HIPAA Safe Harbor identifiers

OBJECTIVE: Sharing health research data is essential for accelerating the translation of research into actionable knowledge that can impact health care services and outcomes. Qualitative health research data are rarely shared due to the challenge of deidentifying text and the potential risks of participant reidentification. Here, we establish and evaluate a framework for deidentifying qualitative research data using automated computational techniques including removal of identifiers that are not considered HIPAA Safe Harbor (HSH) identifiers but are likely to be found in unstructured qualitative data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed and validated a pipeline for deidentifying qualitative research data using automated computational techniques. An in-depth analysis and qualitative review of different types of qualitative health research data were conducted to inform and evaluate the development of a natural language processing (NLP) pipeline using named-entity recognition, pattern matching, dictionary, and regular expression methods to deidentify qualitative texts. RESULTS: We collected 2 datasets with 1.2 million words derived from over 400 qualitative research data documents. We created a gold-standard dataset with 280K words (70 files) to evaluate our deidentification pipeline. The majority of identifiers in qualitative data are non-HSH and not captured by existing systems. Our NLP deidentification pipeline had a consistent F1-score of ∼0.90 for both datasets. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that NLP methods can be used to identify both HSH identifiers and non-HSH identifiers. Automated tools to assist researchers with the deidentification of qualitative data will be increasingly important given the new National Institutes of Health (NIH) data-sharing mandate

Survey of ultrasound practice amongst podiatrists in the UK

Background: Ultrasound in podiatry practice encompasses musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging, vascular hand-held Doppler ultrasound and therapeutic ultrasound. Sonography practice is not regulated by the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC), with no requirement to hold a formal qualification. The College of Podiatry does not currently define ultrasound training and competencies. This study aimed to determine the current use of ultrasound, training received and mentorship received and/or provided by podiatrists using ultrasound. Methods: A quantitative study utilising a cross-sectional, on-line, single-event survey was undertaken within the UK. Results: Completed surveys were received from 284 podiatrists; 173 (70%) use ultrasound as part of their general practice, 139 (49%) for musculoskeletal problems, 131 (46%) for vascular assessment and 39 (14%) to support their surgical practice. Almost a quarter (n=62) worked for more than one organisation; 202 (71%) were employed by the NHS and/or private sector (n=118, 41%). Nearly all (93%) respondents report using a hand-held vascular Doppler in their daily practice; 216 (82%) to support decisions regarding treatment options, 102 (39%) to provide diagnostic reports for other health professionals, and 34 (13%) to guide nerve blocks. Ultrasound imaging was used by 104 (37%) respondents primarily to aid clinical decision making (n=81) and guide interventions (steroid injections n=67; nerve blocks n=39). Ninety-three percent stated they use ultrasound imaging to treat their own patients, while others scan at the request of other podiatrists (n=28) or health professionals (n=18). Few use ultrasound imaging for research (n=7) or education (n=2). Only 32 (11%) respondents (n=20 private sector) use therapeutic ultrasound to treat patients presenting with musculoskeletal complaints, namely tendon pathologies. Few respondents (18%) had completed formal post-graduate CASE (Consortium for the Accreditation of Sonographic Education) accredited ultrasound courses. Forty (14%) respondents receive ultrasound mentorship; the majority from fellow podiatrists (n=17) or medical colleagues (n=15). Over half (n=127) who do not have ultrasound mentorship indicated they would like a mentor predominantly for ultrasound imaging. Fifty-five (19%) report they currently provide ultrasound mentorship for others. Conclusions: Understanding the scope of ultrasound practice, the training undertaken and the requirements for mentorship will underpin the development of competencies and recommendations defined by the College of Podiatry to support professional development and ensure safe practice.</p