Susceptibility of Grapevine Sucker and Green Shoot Wounds to Trunk Disease Pathogens

Grapevine trunk disease fungi infect vines through openings, primarily pruning wounds. The main objective of this study was to understand the role of sucker wounds and wounds made by the removal of green shoots from the stems of potted grapevines as potential points of infection for grapevine trunk disease pathogens. Six wine and four table grape vineyards of different ages were sampled in differentproduction areas in the Western Cape grape region of South Africa. Isolations were made from 161 sucker wounds, and fungal pathogens were identified using morphology and DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, the translation elongation factor 1alpha or the partial β-tubulin gene. The results show that 62% of the sucker wounds were infected by trunk disease pathogens, including Diaporthe ampelina, Diplodia seriata, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium minimum, Eutypella microtheca, Cryptovalsa ampelina and Neofusicoccum australe.  Diaporthe ampelina was the most common, followed by D. seriata and P. chlamydospora, in both the wine and table grape sucker wounds. Under glasshouse conditions, wounds made by the removal of young green shoots on one-year-old potted grapevine plants were inoculated with spore suspensions of D. ampelina, E. lata, N. parvum, P. minimum and P. chlamydospora. After four months, all the inoculated pathogens could be re-isolated. This study shows that grapevine sucker and green shoot wounds are susceptible to different grapevine trunk disease pathogens and may therefore play a role in the epidemiology of trunk diseases

Biological control of grapevine trunk diseases by <I>Trichoderma</I> pruning wound protection

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Histo-pathology study of the growth of Trichoderma harzianum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Eutypa lata on grapevine pruning wounds

Protecting grapevine pruning wounds by inoculating them with Trichoderma spp. can prevent infection from trunk disease pathogens. The growth and interactions of both, the biological control agent Trichoderma spp. and the vine pathogens, are not well understood. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled Trichoderma harzianum and red fluorescent protein (DsRed)-labelled T. harzianum, were dual-inoculated with Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (DsRed) or Eutypa lata (GFP) on fresh pruning wounds of one-year-old Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc shoots. The inoculated fungi were recovered from varying depths within the shoots at 30-day-intervals for 90 days. Trichoderma harzianum suppressed the pathogens and grew deeper in the presence of the pathogens than when it was singly inoculated; possibly an indication of pathogen recognition and competitive response. Eutypa lata was completely eliminated from Sauvignon blanc in dual-inoculated canes after 90 days. The mycelium of P. chlamydospora (DsRed) grew extensively in the xylem vessels and possibly contributed to vessel occlusion. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and E. lata caused blockage of the vessels and thickening of the vessel walls. Grapevine wood produced both tyloses and gums (gels) that blocked xylem vessels as a result of infection. A thickening of the cell walls of xylem fibres occurred only in E. lata-inoculated shoots, indicative of a different mode of pathogenesis from P. chlamydospora

Grapevine cultivar variation to pruning wound protection by Trichoderma species against trunk pathogens

Using Trichoderma species to protect grapevine pruning wounds from trunk disease pathogens is one of the options available for managing grapevine trunk diseases. The growth and persistence of Trichoderma species in the pruning wound and the resulting control effect may depend on intrinsic wound factors and hence may vary between cultivars. Cultivar variability to pruning wound protection by Trichoderma species was evaluated in eight wine grape (Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Chenin blanc, Colombar, Merlot, Pinotage, Sauvignon blanc and Shiraz) and four table grape (Prime, Red Globe, Thompson Seedless and Victoria) cultivars. Two strains of Trichoderma atroviride (USPP-T1 and USPP-T2) separately or in combination and Eco 77® a registered pruning wound biocontrol agent based on T. harzianum, were applied to fresh pruning wounds of spur-pruned wine grapevines and cane-pruned table grapevines. Trichoderma spp. and a variety of trunk pathogens, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and species of Phaeoacremonium, Phomopsis, Botryosphaeriaceae and Diatrypaceae, were isolated from the pruning wounds eight months after treatment. Significant treatment × cultivar interactions (P 0.50; P<0.05) though not in Chardonnay (r=0.37; P=0.11), Pinotage (r=-0.12; P=0.62), Sauvignon blanc (r=0.26; P=0.26) and Victoria (r=0.29; P=0.22). It was concluded that the wound protection effect of Trichoderma spp. is also dependent on the Trichoderma-grapevine interaction and is not only due to the suppressive effect of Trichoderma spp. on the pathogens

Evaluation of long‐term protection from nursery to vineyard provided by Trichoderma atroviride

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Berbegal, M., Ramón¿Albalat, A., León, M. and Armengol, J. (2020), Evaluation of long¿term protection from nursery to vineyard provided by Trichoderma atroviride SC1 against fungal grapevine trunk pathogens. Pest. Manag. Sci., 76: 967-977, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5605. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] BACKGROUND Fungal grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) represent a threat to viticulture, being responsible for important economic losses worldwide. Nursery and vineyard experiments were set up to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma atroviride SC1 to reduce infections of GTD pathogens in grapevine planting material during the propagation process and to assess the long-term protection provided by this biocontrol agent on grapevine plants in young vineyards during two growing seasons. RESULTS Reductions of some GTD pathogen incidence and severity were found on grapevine propagation material after nursery application of T. atroviride SC1 during the grafting process, and also after additional T. atroviride SC1 treatments performed during two growing seasons in young vineyards, when compared with untreated plants. CONCLUSION Trichoderma atroviride SC1 showed promise to reduce infections caused by some GTD pathogens in nurseries, and also when establishing new vineyards. This biological control agent could possibly be a valuable component in an integrated management approach where various strategies are combined to reduce GTD infections.Berbegal Martinez, M.; Ramón-Albalat, A.; León Santana, M.; Armengol Fortí, J. (2020). Evaluation of long-term protection from nursery to vineyard provided by Trichoderma atroviride SC1 against fungal grapevine trunk pathogens. Pest Management Science. 76(3):967-977. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5605967977763Gramaje, D., Úrbez-Torres, J. 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