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宮崎方言の｢チャ｣｢卜｣は年齢差､性差などの属性を問わず､幅広く使用されているが､これらの詳しい研究はまだなされていない｡そこで本論文では､宮崎方言の｢チャ｣｢ト｣をとり上げ､その意味･機能を共通語の｢のだ｣と対比させながら記述することを試みた｡まず､宮崎方言の｢チャ｣は｢のだ｣に､｢ト｣は文末に生起する狭義準体助詞の｢の｣に対応することを述べ､｢チャ｣は平叙文専用の形式であり､｢ト｣は平叙文と(YES-NO･疑問詞)疑問文中で使用されることを示した。そして｢のだ｣の機能のうち､｢チャ｣は否定文のスコープ機能と対審的ムードの機能を持つこと､｢ト｣は肯定文のスコープ機能と対人的ムードの機能を持つことを明らかにした

The effects of N-glycosylation sites and the N-terminal region on the biological function of β1,3--acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 and its secretion

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Discovery of genome of an immunodeficiency-associated virus-like virus from pig feces in Japan

Immunodeficiency-associated stool virus (IASV) is an unclassified virus, for which the only genome information is available from a patient infected by human immunodeficiency virus. In domestic animals, one report described detection of IASV-like virus in pig feces, whereas no nucleotide sequence information of this virus is currently available. Using deep sequencing method, we detected a DNA fragment homologous to IASV in several pig feces in Japan. The sequence of the PCR product in this sample had 70% homology to that of IASV. The infectious rate of the IASV-like virus was 72.9% among the 9 pig farms, from which the samples were collected. There was no clear correlation between the presence of IASV-like virus and the fecal characteristics

Assessment of Feeding and Swallowing by Cone Beam Computed Tomography: Changes in Oropharyngeal Airway Shape with Aging

With super aged society in Japan, the death rate from choking due to blockage of the oropharynx has increased; it is now greater than that from traffic accidents and it is believed that this rate will continue to increase. The shape and function of the oropharyngeal crossing with the respiratory tract are most influential in ensuring that food is carried from the oral cavity to the pharynx and the esophagus. We sought to clarify the changes in the shape and features of the oropharyngeal airway from teenagers to those in their 70 s. A total of 57 patients were grouped by age (teenagers, 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s and 70s), and all underwent cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to measure the oropharynx volume, height, cross-sectional area, and length of the superior and inferior extremities. Kruskal-Wallis analysis indicated that the volume and height of the oropharynx did no significant difference among age groups, but there was a different tendency when cross-sectional areas of the superior and inferior extremities were compared between younger and older patients. Further, the shape of the inferior extremity was also different features between younger and older patients. In humans, the oropharyngeal airway plays an important role in carrying food through the esophagus and facilitating phonation. Ideally, it is important for this airway to maintain a constant volume and height. Recently, there has been an increase in the incidence of oropharyngeal airway blockage accidents among the elderly. Declines in feeding and swallowing functions and changes in the form of the oropharynx are major factors in these accidents

c-Fos/activator protein-1 transactivates wee1 kinase at G(1)/S to inhibit premature mitosis in antigen-specific Th1 cells

M-phase promoting factor is a complex of cdc2 and cyclin B that is regulated positively by cdc25 phosphatase and negatively by wee1 kinase. We isolated the wee1 gene promoter and found that it contains one AP-1 binding motif and is directly activated by the immediate early gene product c-Fos at cellular G(1)/S phase. In antigen-specific Th1 cells stimulated by antigen, transactivation of the c-fos and wee1 kinase genes occurred sequentially at G(1)/S, and the substrate of wee1 kinase, cdc2-Tyr15, was subsequently phosphorylated at late G(1)/S. Under prolonged expression of the c-fos gene, however, the amount of wee1 kinase was increased and its target cdc2 molecule was constitutively phosphorylated on its tyrosine residue, where Th1 cells went into aberrant mitosis. Thus, an immediate early gene product, c-Fos/AP-1, directly transactivates the wee1 kinase gene at G(1)/S. The transient increase in c-fos and wee1 kinase genes is likely to be responsible for preventing premature mitosis while the cells remain in the G(1)/S phase of the cell cycle