Key schedule algorithm based on coordinate geometry of a three-dimensional hybrid cube

Cryptographic algorithms play an important role in information security where it ensures the security of data across the network or storage. A key schedule algorithm is the mechanism that generates and schedules all session-keys for the encryption process. The 2-dimensional hybrid cube is generated based on permutation and combination of integer numbers that are utilized in the construction of encryption and decryption key in the non-binary block cipher. The generation of key space by using the 2-dimensional hybrid cubes are not sufficient to resist attacks and could easily be exploited. Therefore, the large key space is more desirable to resist any attack on the secret key. This research proposed a new Key Schedule Algorithm based on the coordinate geometry of a Hybrid Cube (KSAHC) for the non-binary block cipher. By using the three-dimensional hybrid cube in KSAHC transformation, encryption keys are represented as n × n × n matrix of integer numbers and used in the development of the permutation and substitution of order 4 square matrix. Triangular Coordinate Extraction (TCE) technique has also been introduced to extract the coordinates during the rotation of Hybrid Cube surface (HCs) and plays an important role in the development of KSAHC algorithm. The Hybrid Cube Encryption Algorithm (HiSea) has been implemented to validate the encryption keys that are generated from the proposed algorithm. The strength of the keys and ciphertext are compared with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), HiSea, and Dynamic Key Schedule Algorithm (DKSA). The proposed KSAHC algorithm has been validated using the randomness test proposed and recommended by NIST, the average result of avalanche test is 93%, entropy is 0.9968, correlation assessment test is -0.000601 and having large key space 2.70 × 1067 keys that makes the Brute Force attack difficult and time-consuming. Therefore, it can be concluded that the strength and validity of KSAHC algorithm have been enhanced as compared to other algorithms and can serve as the alternative algorithm in designing security systems

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF SURFACTANTS DERIVED FROM NATURAL OILS FOR EOR APPLICATIONS

Enhanced oil recovery methods are directed towards the recovery of residual oil from a reservoir. Surfactants have been gaining prominence as a main chemical for EOR methods. Natural oils, owing to their naturally long hydrocarbon chains, possess remarkable potential to be used as raw materials for the development of surfactants. The oleic acid methyl esters obtained from Jatropha oil and high oleic acid methyl esters were modified by the attachment of nine different alkoxy groups (derived from alcohols) and these were successfully converted to 18 types of sulfate and sulfonate based anionic surfactants. The high FFA value of Jatropha oil was suppressed to as low as I % by employing an indigenously developed silica based catalyst. The synthesized methyl esters were epoxidized by optimizing the epoxidation process by using the RSM technique utilizing a central composite rotatable design. The DOE successfully optimized the yield and dramatically shortened the reaction time. The obtained oxirane ring was then opened up using nine different alcohols thereby attaching them as alkoxy chains on the oleic acid methyl ester parent chain. Sulfation of the -OH groups located trans to the alkoxy groups yielded nine sulfate type surfactants. For the synthesis of sulfonate surfactants, the -OH group was protected by the acetylation reaction before sulfonation by an S03-air mixture in a falling film reactor, hence producing nine sulfonate based surfactants. The sulfate and sulfonate surfactants were obtained in high yields. All end products and precursors were characterized by GC-FID, GC-MS, FT -IR and NMR techniques

Measuring the Impact of Industrialization and Financial Development on Water Resources: A Case Study of Pakistan

The objective of the study examines the impact of industrialization and financial development on water resources, in the specific context of Pakistan. Data set from 1975-2009 are taken for time series analysis. The result reveals that economic growth positively linked with the water resource, as water plays a pivotal role in the economic development of a country. Thus limiting this resource would affect the process of economic growth. Industrial processes have a negative environmental impact which causing water pollution. Financial development has an indirect effect on water consumption, as it shows that private firms finds more funding opportunities in a country, therefore, avoid dirty industry game.Economics growth, financial development, industrialization, water resource, cointegration, bonds test, Pakistan.

Ethnobotanical Study of Galliyat for Botanical Demography and Bioecological Diversification

The present research work was based on the results of an enthnobotanical research project conducted in the Galliyat areas of NWFP, Province (Pakistan) during July 2003-March 2004. The region is mountainous with pine forests. Botanists have rarely studied the remote villages of the area, hence ethnobotanical information is quite meager. The local people of the area have always used surrounding natural resources that is wild plants for medicinal purposes and have for a long time dependent on the surrounding plant sources for their food, shelter, fodder, timber, fuel and health care. The present study mainly focus on the information regarding indigenous uses of plants for medicinal as well as other purposes by the native people of the area The ethnobotanical data of 40 plant species belonging to 37 genera and 26 families, during summer and winter season were collected. Among them the two families belong to gymnosperms, two families of pteridophytes, one family of monocot and 21 families of dicot (Angiosperms) were studied ethnobotanically. The ethnobotanical inventory consist of botanical name of plant followed by its local name, family, habit and habitat, flowering period, voucher specimen number, part use, ethnomedicinal uses and other ethnobotanical uses

Assessing the Implications of Deviant Behavior on Society in Central Punjab Pakistan

The present study has been designed to assess Implication of deviant behavior among in Central Punjab Pakistan. Generally, crime is treated as the unexpected behavior of an individual which goes against the law. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the implications of crime in society. In Pakistan, lower socio-economic status holders are involved in crimes as well as high socio-economic holders are also involved, hence they want to accumulate more wealth through illegal ways. Crime affects the state in social, economic and psychological terms. The present study was conducted in central Punjab. A sample of 300 respondents was selected by using convenient sampling technique from the one selected district of the central Punjab. Moreover, data was with the help of a well-designed interview schedule. Collected data was analyzed by using SPSS. On the bases on finding it was concluded that there are number of socio-economic and psychological factors that created problems in state and become hurdle in the sustainable development of Pakistan and this problem badly damage the whole sphere of the society. Some policy measure and recommendations was also proposed by the study to cope with this problem.&nbsp

Probabilistic Analysis of Strength of Structural Concrete for Post-Code Buildings in Developing Countries

Code compliance and quality construction remain a point of interest for developing countries. For structural vulnerability studies on reinforced concrete buildings, researchers usually adopt random strength parameters to represent the compressive strength of concrete for various structural members. This matter becomes a challenge if researchers are dealing to quantify the structural response of code-compliant buildings. Since the research on the response of code-compliant buildings is limited hence this paper aims at data collection and presenting the probabilistic trends in compressive strength variation of structural concrete being used or has been used in multiple projects of the federal capital city of Pakistan for code-compliant buildings. The data has been collected from well-reputed academic and commercial testing labs in the area for past 10 years (the timeline after implementation of BCP 2007). Compressive strength testing records of concrete cylinders for 28 days strength have been sorted for different structural members i.e., beams, columns, shear walls, slabs and footings separately. From the selected data, histograms have been plotted for each member category and mean values with standard deviations have been highlighted. Obtained results are further compared with anticipated design compressive strengths which were obtained from different tagged reports, design offices and resident engineers of the sites. The produced results would lead to true representation of structural strength of concrete for code-compliant buildings, to be further studied for structural vulnerability and risk assessments of the desired areas in developing countries

Medico-Botanical Investigation of Medicinally Important Plants from Galliyat Areas, NWFP (Pakistan)

A survey of medico-botanical investigation was conducted between October 2003 to April, 2004 in the Galliyat areas of North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan. Our survey focused on four specific Gullies: Donga Galli, Bara Galli, Nathia Galli and Chhangla Galli. Indigenous knowledge of local inhabitants about the use of native plants was collected during field trips through questionnaire. The medico-botanical investigation about 30 species belonging to 28 genera of 21 families were recorded during course of study. Voucher specimens were collected and deposited in the botany lab of University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, for future reference. For each species the information regarding the botanical names is followed by local name, family name, flowering period, voucher specimen number, part used and ethnomedicinal uses

Impact of Performance Appraisal on Employee Performance

This manuscript is an attempt of the researchers to highlight the significance of performance appraisal in the organizations and business world. Appraisal is one of the most significant and effective tool that can lead an organization to vanquish their ultimate goals by improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the employees. Performance appraisal helps managers to identify the gap between desired and actual performance and in case of deficiency, it can be removed by imparting required training. Fair performance evaluation and proper training motivates employees that results in improved performance and achieve organizational competitiveness. Keywords: Performance Appraisal, Employee Performanc