Survival of HIV-infected patients after starting tuberculosis treatment: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the probability of survival and to evaluate risk factors for death in a cohort of persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) who had started tuberculosis (TB) treatment. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted between June 2007 and December 2009 with HIV-infected patients who had started anti-tuberculosis treatment in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Survival data were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier estimator, the log-rank test and the Cox model. Hazard ratios and their respective 95%CIs were estimated. RESULTS: Of a cohort of 2310 HIV-positive individuals, 333 patients who had commenced treatment for TB were analysed. The mortality rate was 5.25 per 10,000 person-years (95%CI 4.15-6.63). The probability of survival at 30 months was 74%. Risk factors for death in the study population were being female, age ≥30 years, having anaemia, not using highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during treatment for TB and disseminated TB. Protective factors for death were a CD4 lymphocyte count >200 cells/mm(3) and treatment for TB having started in an out-patient clinic. CONCLUSIONS: The use of HAART can prevent deaths among HIV-TB patients, corroborating the efficacy of starting HAART early in individuals with TB

Virulence attenuation and phenotypic variation of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates obtained from armadillos and patients

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America. The virulence profiles of five isolates of P. brasiliensis were studied in two different moments and correlated with some colonial phenotypic aspects. We observed a significant decrease in the virulence and an intense phenotypic variation in the mycelial colony. The recognition of all ranges of phenotypic and virulence variation of P. brasiliensis, as well as its physiological and genetic basis, will be important for a better comprehension of its pathogenic and epidemiological features

Prevalência e fatores de risco para tabagismo em adolescentes Prevalence and risk factors for smoking among adolescents

OBJETIVO: O tabagismo é uma das principais causas de enfermidades evitáveis e incapacidades prematuras. Nesse sentido, realizou-se estudo com o objetivo de medir a prevalência e estudar fatores de risco associados ao tabagismo nos adolescentes. MÉTODOS: A partir de um delineamento transversal de base populacional, estudou-se uma amostra representativa de 1.187 adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos, da zona urbana de Pelotas, sul do Brasil. Todos os adolescentes da amostra, de cada domicílio, foram entrevistados por meio de questionário pré-codificado, individual e confidencial. Utilizou-se o teste de Kaplan-Meier para análise da curva de sobrevida. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de tabagismo na amostra foi de 12,1% (IC95% 10,3%-14%). As prevalências foram similares para os sexos femininos e masculinos. Os fatores de risco para tabagismo na análise multivariada, por regressão logística, foram: maior idade, odds ratio (OR) de 28,7 (11,5-71,4), irmãos mais velhos fumantes, OR de 2,4 (1,5-3,8), três ou mais amigos fumantes, OR de 17,5 (8,8-34,8) e baixa escolaridade OR de 3,5 (1,5-8,0). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de tabagismo na adolescência mostrou-se alta, na cidade de Pelotas. Campanhas antitabágicas devem ser direcionadas à comunidade e à família tendo o adolescente como alvo. Medidas legais adotadas pelo governo são importantes para impedir o acesso dos adolescentes ao cigarro.<br>OBJECTIVE: Tobacco smoking is one of the main causes of preventable disease and premature disability. Th estudy was aimed at measuring smoking prevalence and related risk factors among adolescents. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in a representative sample of 1,187 adolescents aged 10 to 19 years living in the urban area of Pelotas, southern Brazil. All adolescents were interviewed separately using a confidential coded questionnaire. Kaplan-Meier test was performed for survival curve analysis. RESULTS: The overall smoking prevalence rate in the sample was 12.1% (95% CI 10.3%-14%). Boys and girls had similar prevalence rates. The following were the risk factors for smoking found in the multivariate logistic regression analysis: older age (OR=28.7; 95% CI 11.5-71.4), older smoking siblings (OR=2.4; 95% CI 1.5-3.8), three or more smoking friends (OR=17.5; 95% CI 8.8-34.8) and low schooling (OR=3.5; 95% CI 1.5-8.0). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of smoking among adolescents in the city of Pelotas was high. Campaigns against tobacco use should be aimed at the community and families, targeting adolescents. The government must adopt legal actions in order to prevent adolescents to have access to to smoking

Análise sociodemográfica da epidemia de Aids no Brasil, 1989-1997 A sociodemographic analysis of the AIDS epidemic in Brazil, 1989-1997

OBJETIVO: Descrever a evolução temporal da epidemia de Aids, no nível individual, sob a perspectiva de variáveis sociodemográficas e comportamentais, com ênfase na escolaridade. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os casos de Aids de 20 a 69 anos de idade, notificados ao Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Ministério da Saúde e diagnosticados entre 1989 e 1997, com diferença maior que sete dias entre as datas de óbito e de diagnóstico. Foram considerados três graus de escolaridade: "grau I" (com até 8 anos de estudo), "grau II" (com mais de 8 anos de estudo) e "ignorado". Para cada sexo, foi analisada a evolução temporal da distribuição dos casos por grau de escolaridade, região, tamanho populacional do município e categoria de exposição. Foi utilizado um modelo logístico multivariado para avaliar o efeito conjunto dessas variáveis. RESULTADOS: O grau de escolaridade foi "ignorado" em 22% dos casos. Entre os casos com escolaridade informada, percentuais mais elevados de "grau I" foram observados no sexo feminino, nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, nos municípios com menos de 500 mil habitantes e nas categorias de exposição "heterossexual" e "uso de drogas injetáveis". Observou-se uma redução gradativa do percentual de casos com maior escolaridade ao longo dos anos analisados para ambos os sexos e em todas as variáveis analisadas, menos pronunciado na categoria de exposição "homo/bissexual". CONCLUSÕES: A epidemia de Aids no Brasil teve início nos estratos sociais de maior escolaridade e depois se expandiu entre as populações com menor escolaridade, principalmente do sexo feminino, residentes em municípios de menor população e por meio das exposições heterossexuais e do uso de drogas injetáveis.<br>OBJECTIVE: To describe the temporal evolution of AIDS epidemic analyzed from a socio-demographic and behavioral perspective and focusing on the individual's educational level. METHODS: All AIDS cases aged 20 to 69, diagnosed with more than 7 days of difference between the dates of death and of diagnosis and reported to the Ministry of Health's Case Report Data Center from 1989 to 1997 were analyzed. Three educational levels were considered: "level I" (less or equivalent to 8 years of schooling), "level II" (more than 8 years of schooling) and "unknown" (no available information). A descriptive analysis of the temporal evolution of the distribution of AIDS cases during the study period was carried out for both sexes and categorized by educational levels, geographic region, county population size, and exposure categories. Multivariate logistic analysis was performed to assess the variables combined effect. RESULTS: Information on educational level was not available in 22% of the cases. Where there was available information, higher percentages of "level I" were observed among females, in the southeast and south regions, municipalities with less than 500,000 inhabitants, and in the "heterosexual" and "IDU" exposure categories. For all variables analyzed, it was observed a gradual reduction on the percentages of cases with a higher level of education, in the time period analyzed, for both sexes, less intense among the cases in "homosexual or bisexual" exposure category. CONCLUSIONS: The AIDS epidemic in Brazil started in social strata of higher educational level, spreading to populations with low educational level, especially among females, as well as to smaller population counties, through heterosexual contacts and use of injecting drugs