Incident type 2 diabetes attributable to suboptimal diet in 184 countries

The global burden of diet-attributable type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well established. This risk assessment model estimated T2D incidence among adults attributable to direct and body weight-mediated effects of 11 dietary factors in 184 countries in 1990 and 2018. In 2018, suboptimal intake of these dietary factors was estimated to be attributable to 14.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 13.814.4 million) incident T2D cases, representing 70.3% (68.871.8%) of new cases globally. Largest T2D burdens were attributable to insufficient whole-grain intake (26.1% (25.027.1%)), excess refined rice and wheat intake (24.6% (22.327.2%)) and excess processed meat intake (20.3% (18.323.5%)). Across regions, highest proportional burdens were in central and eastern Europe and central Asia (85.6% (83.487.7%)) and Latin America and the Caribbean (81.8% (80.183.4%)); and lowest proportional burdens were in South Asia (55.4% (52.160.7%)). Proportions of diet-attributable T2D were generally larger in men than in women and were inversely correlated with age. Diet-attributable T2D was generally larger among urban versus rural residents and higher versus lower educated individuals, except in high-income countries, central and eastern Europe and central Asia, where burdens were larger in rural residents and in lower educated individuals. Compared with 1990, global diet-attributable T2D increased by 2.6 absolute percentage points (8.6 million more cases) in 2018, with variation in these trends by world region and dietary factor. These findings inform nutritional priorities and clinical and public health planning to improve dietary quality and reduce T2D globally. (c) 2023, The Author(s)

Children's and adolescents' rising animal-source food intakes in 1990-2018 were impacted by age, region, parental education and urbanicity

Animal-source foods (ASF) provide nutrition for children and adolescents physical and cognitive development. Here, we use data from the Global Dietary Database and Bayesian hierarchical models to quantify global, regional and national ASF intakes between 1990 and 2018 by age group across 185 countries, representing 93% of the worlds child population. Mean ASF intake was 1.9 servings per day, representing 16% of children consuming at least three daily servings. Intake was similar between boys and girls, but higher among urban children with educated parents. Consumption varied by age from 0.6 at <1 year to 2.5 servings per day at 1519 years. Between 1990 and 2018, mean ASF intake increased by 0.5 servings per week, with increases in all regions except sub-Saharan Africa. In 2018, total ASF consumption was highest in Russia, Brazil, Mexico and Turkey, and lowest in Uganda, India, Kenya and Bangladesh. These findings can inform policy to address malnutrition through targeted ASF consumption programmes. (c) 2023, The Author(s)

Converter and Output Filter Topologies for STATCOMs

This chapter reviews different converter topologies and output filter configurations used in STATCOM applications. The output voltage and harmonic control of a STATCOM is obtained by individual control of each switch in the STATCOM. Several converter topologies can be considered for STATCOMs. The multi-pulse converters are developed using the most widely known 6-pulse configurations. The variations of multi-pulse converters such as 12-pulse, 24-pulse and 48-pulse that are built by combining 6-pulse converters via phase-shifting isolation transformers are introduced in terms of control methods and structures in this chapter. On the other hand, the multilevel converters are considered to be used in recent STATCOM topologies as an alternative to the multi-pulse configurations, owing to their multi MVA switching capability that is inherited from series or parallel connection of converter cells. The diode clamped, flying capacitor, and cascaded H-bridge configurations of multilevel converters, that are the most widely known topologies, are comprehensively introduced in this chapter. The multilevel converter topologies provide several advantages such as harmonic elimination, lower electromagnetic interference, better output waveforms, and increased power factor correction (PFC) capabilities together. Furthermore, each switch can be controlled individually to robustly tackle the unbalanced load operations even in higher switching frequencies relatively to the multi-pulse configuration. The related subsections propose control and operation properties of converters besides introducing the main topological issues. The filtering requirements of STATCOM are particularly considered in this chapter where the passive and active filters are introduced in detail. The passive filters designed with reactive components such as individual L and C or their combinations as LC or LCL are surveyed according to design and analytical criteria. Besides, active power filters (APFs) that provide several feedback control methods increasing the efficiency and controllability are discussed in the following part. The control methods of STATCOM converters are introduced in a separate section where the recent control approaches and analytical calculations required are presented in detail. The block diagrams of the industrial STATCOM applications are also discussed

Author Correction: Global dietary quality in 185 countries from 1990 to 2018 show wide differences by nation, age, education, and urbanicity(19 september, 10.1038/s43016-022-00594-9, 2022)

[No abstract available