Surface gas measurements and related studies for the characterization and monitoring of geological CO2 storage sites; experiences at Weyburn and in Salah.

Preliminary baseline soil gas data collected in the summer and autumn of 2001 above the Phase 1A injection area of the EnCana Enhanced Oil Recovery project at the Weyburn oilfield in south Saskatchewan was presented at GHGT-6 in Kyoto. Data can now be presented for all three years of the study with conclusions, the predominant one being that the major controls on soil gas levels are seasonal and meteorological with no indications of leakage from depth. In the autumns of 2002 and 2003 further in situ monitoring of CO2, CO2 flux, O2, CH4, radon (222Rn) and thoron (220Rn) was carried out. Soil gas samples were also collected for laboratory analysis of helium, permanent gases, sulphur species and light hydrocarbons. All sampling was repeated over the same 360 point sampling grid and more detailed profiles for both follow-up years. Marked changes in CO2 levels (especially flux) for each of the three-year datasets indicate changes in surface conditions, rather than CO2 from a deeper source. The radon and thoron data was found to be similar for the three years but appears to vary in response to drift composition, and seasonal effects, rather than migration from a deep source. In 2003 further work was agreed in addition to the main grid and profile data. A control area was sampled for the same suite of gases, 10km to the northwest of the oil field. It included similar topography, land use and drift composition to the main sampling grid. There were 35 sample locations on a 7 x 5 point grid with 100m spacing and two additional sites. Early conclusions indicate that the soil gas results in the control area are very similar to those from the main grid, vindicating control site selection and further supporting a lack of deeply sourced CO2 over the injection area. Along with the control site, five zones of possible CO2 leakage were also surveyed and sampled. Two cross a river lineament that may be associated with deep faulting, two were abandoned oil well sites and one site overlays a deep salt dissolution feature. (Unfortunately CO2 flux and gamma measurements were not carried out at these sites.) A northeast/southwest trending lineament, just north of the main grid, was sampled along two profiles perpendicular to the feature, with an increased density of sampling over the feature. The feature generally followed an incised river valley and anomalous CO2 was only detected on the valley floor, where it would be expected as there was lush vegetation in this zone. There were no coincident anomalies for other gases. Soils around two abandoned wells were also sampled. A 16-site grid was surveyed around each well. One well had been completely abandoned and the other was suspended due to failed casing. Such boreholes represent possible points of weakness that may be routes for CO2 migration. The well with failed casing had weakly anomalous CO2 locally to the south, again unmatched for other gases. The fully abandoned well had background CO2 values. Two perpendicular profiles of 10 sites at 25m spacing were sampled for soil gas over the mapped centre of the dissolution feature. Background values were obtained. In 2003 two vertical profiles were performed both indicating an increase in CO2 to a depth maximum of 1.80m; this increase is matched by a corresponding decrease only in O2, indicating biological respiration. Radon concentration indicated no anomalies. Portable gamma spectrometric data was collected in 2003 over the west-centre area of the grid, the profiles and over the control grid. The composition of soils from both areas was found to be very similar.PublishedBerkeley, California4.5. Degassamento naturaleope

Risk and Ethical Concerns of Hunting Male Elephant: Behavioural and Physiological Assays of the Remaining Elephants

BACKGROUND: Hunting of male African elephants may pose ethical and risk concerns, particularly given their status as a charismatic species of high touristic value, yet which are capable of both killing people and damaging infrastructure. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We quantified the effect of hunts of male elephants on (1) risk of attack or damage (11 hunts), and (2) behavioural (movement dynamics) and physiological (stress hormone metabolite concentrations) responses (4 hunts) in Pilanesberg National Park. For eleven hunts, there were no subsequent attacks on people or infrastructure, and elephants did not break out of the fenced reserve. For three focal hunts, there was an initial flight response by bulls present at the hunting site, but their movements stabilised the day after the hunt event. Animals not present at the hunt (both bulls and herds) did not show movement responses. Physiologically, hunting elephant bulls increased faecal stress hormone levels (corticosterone metabolites) in both those bulls that were present at the hunts (for up to four days post-hunt) and in the broader bull and breeding herd population (for up to one month post-hunt). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: As all responses were relatively minor, hunting male elephants is ethically acceptable when considering effects on the remaining elephant population; however bulls should be hunted when alone. Hunting is feasible in relatively small enclosed reserves without major risk of attack, damage, or breakout. Physiological stress assays were more effective than behavioural responses in detecting effects of human intervention. Similar studies should evaluate intervention consequences, inform and improve best practice, and should be widely applied by management agencies

Contributo alla conoscenza demografica della Somalia sotto amministrazione fiduciaria italiana

Note sulle statistiche della popolazione autoctona della Somalia: cenni ai censimenti precedenti il periodo dell'AFIS e analisi approfondita dell'organizzazione e dei risultati della prima rilevazione demografica effettuata nel paese.Warbixin kooban oo ku saabsan tirakoobka dadka ab'ogaaga ah ee Soomaaliya: war kooban oo ku saabsan tirakoobkii ka horreeyay xilligii AFIS (walaayadii Taliyaaniga) iyo falanqayn ku saabsan abaabulka iyo natiijadii tirakoobka ugu horreeyay ee ka dhaca dalka Soomaaliyeed.Notes on the statistics about native Somali population: the censuses before Italian Trasteeship are mentioned; an in-depth analysis is conducted about the organisation and the results of the first experience of the demographic account in the country

Solvation Free Energies of Amides and Amines: Disagreement between Free Energy Calculations and Experiment

We present molecular dynamidfree energy calculations on the molecules acetamide, N-methylacetamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine. Unlike the experimental data, which suggest a very non-additive solvation free energy (N-methylacetamide and methylamine having the most negative free energy of solvation), the calculations all find that the free energy of solvation monotonically increases as a function of methyl addition. The disagreement with experiment is surprising, given the very good agreement (within 0.5 kcaYmo1) with experiment for calculation of the solvation free energy of methane, ethane, propane, water, methanol, and dimethyl ether

Binding of Organic Cations to a Cyclophane Host As Studied with Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Free Energy Calculations

We have studied the binding of two organic cations, an iminium (IM) and a guanidinium (GU), to a cyclophane host P4--4Na+, using molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. A proper treatment of the long-range electrostatic forces is essential for the stability of these highly charged complexes, and a simple cutoff at 12 Å results in an artifactual dissociation of the IM−P4--4Na+ complex. Since the host is highly aromatic and the guests cationic, cation−π interactions play an important role in the complex stability. In free energy calculations, using a simple additive force field, we calculate that the relative free energy of association of IM and GU binding to the host is 2.3 kcal/mol favoring IM, which is of the correct sign but 1.4 kcal/mol too small in magnitude. Differences in van der Waals interaction energies are mainly responsible for the different binding strengths, and the host adopts different shapes when accommodating IM compared to GU. To approximately estimate the contribution to the complex stability from the polarization energy, we calculated the in vacuo interaction energies in the two complexes, using a nonadditive force field, previously shown to accurately describe alkali cation−aromatic interaction energies in vacuo. Adding the contribution from the polarization energy upon forming the two complexes in this calculation to the estimate from the free energy calculation, we obtain an improved relative binding free energy (−4.0 kcal/mol), which is in close agreement with the experimental value of −3.7 kcal/mol

Effects of Secondary Metabolites from Balsam Poplar and Paper Birch on Cellulose Digestion

Inhibitory effects of metabolites from balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) and Alaskan paper birch (Betula papyrifera) on cellulose digestion in vitro were examined. Significant inhibition of cellulose digestion occurred at concentrations of 5 mg per gram of substrate for benzyl alcohol, cineole, papyriferic acid, and a steam distillate fraction from juvenile paper birch. Digestibility declined as increasing amounts of resin were added to the substrate, but the rate of inhibition declined with each concentration increment. Secondary metabolites present in resins of paper birch and balsam poplar appear to be important in determining the relative nutritive quality of these species.This material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries.The Journal of Range Management archives are made available by the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. Contact [email protected] for further information.Migrated from OJS platform August 202

The challenge of visualizing microscopic molecular worlds in chemical education

The purpose of scientific visualization in chemical education is mainly to display models of static and dynamic chemical systems at a microscopic level using the results of theoretical methods. As the latter rest on various approximations, and as in addition there is little chance, if any, to compare the models with real objects, it is some sort of challenge to build and give credibility to microscopic representations when teaching a science which is essentially macroscopic. In this presentation, we shall describe how this goal may be reached by reviewing various applications we have recently developed to teach fundamental concepts in molecular structure and reactivity