The brief body avoidance and checking scale for physically active men: development and initial validation

The aim of this study was to develop and examine the psychometric properties of the Brief Body Avoidance and Checking Scale (BBACS) for physically active men. The BBACS is designed to assess the frequency of body checking and avoidance behaviors common among users of gyms and health clubs. Following development of an initial pool of items and content judgment, data from 325 men were collected from gym users and participants in organized sporting events. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit for a model with two factors and 12 items. Satisfactory evidence of construct validity and internal consistency was also generated through analysis of factor loadings, t-values, correlations with drive for muscularity and body satisfaction measures, group differences, Cronbach’s alpha, and construct reliability tests. The BBACS appears to be a valid and reliable scale for assessing the frequency of body checking and body avoidance behaviors among physically active men

Factors Associated With Inappropriate Eating Behavior In Adolescent Students [fatores Associados Ao Comportamento Alimentar Inadequado Em Adolescentes Escolares]

Background: Evidence shows that the prevalence of inappropriate eating behavior (CAI) among young people has increased in recent years. It seems that body dissatisfaction (IC), the practice of excessive exercise, body composition, the socioeconomic status (NE), and ethnicity may be risk factors for CAI. Objective: To associate IC, degree of psychological impairment to exercise (GCPE), adiposity (AC), nutritional status (EN), NE and ethnicity with CAI in adolescents. Methods: Participants 362 young people of both sexes aged between 10 and 19 years. We used the Eating Attitudes Test to assess the CAI. The Body Shape Exercise Questionnaire and Commitment Exercise Scale were used to measure IC and GCPE, respectively. We evaluated skinfold thickness is to classify the AC second sex. Weight and height were measured to calculate the index of mass (BMI) and classify the EN. The NE was evaluated by Brazil Economic Classification. Questionnaire was used that sought to assess ethnicity, age and sex. Results: The results showed association of CAI with IC, GCPE and NE in females (p < 0.05). Among boys, IC, AC and EN were associated with CAI (p < 0.05). Discussion: It was concluded that IC was the main predictor of risk for the CAI.4025964Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents (2007) Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85 (9), pp. 660-667. , World Health OrganizationSiervogel, R.M., Demerath, E.W., Schubert, C., Remsberg, K.E., Chumlea, W.C., Sun, S., Puberty and body composition (2003) Horm Research, 60 (1), pp. 36-45Machado, D.R.L., Bonfim, M.R., Costa, R.T., Pico de velocidade de crescimento como alternativa para classificação maturacional associada ao desempenho motor (2009) Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum, 11 (1), pp. 14-21Miranda, V.P.N., Conti, M.A., Bastos, R., Ferreira, M.E.C., Insatisfação corporal em adolescentes brasileiros de municípios de pequeno porte de Minas Gerais (2011) J Bras Psiq, 60 (3), pp. 190-197Scherer, F.C., Martins, C., Pelegrini, A., Matheus, S.C., Petroski, E.L., Imagem corporal em adolescentes: Associação com a maturação sexual e sintomas de transtornos alimentares (2010) J Bras Psiq, 59 (3), pp. 198-202Martins, C., Pelegrini, A., Matheus, S.C., Petroski, E.L., Insatisfação com a imagem corporal e a relação com estado nutricional, adiposidade corporal e sintomas de anorexia e bulimia em adolescentes (2010) Rev Psiq Rio Grande Do Sul, 32 (1), pp. 19-23Vale, A.M.O., Kerr, R.L.S., Bosi, M.L.M., Comportamento de risco para transtornos do comportamento alimentar entre adolescentes do sexo feminino de diferentes estratos sociais do Nordeste do Brasil (2011) Ciênc Saúde Coletiva, 16 (1), pp. 121-132White, J., Halliwell, E., Examination of a sociocultural model of excessive exercise among male and female adolescents (2010) Body Image, 7 (2), pp. 227-233Johnson, C., Crosby, R., Engel, S., Mitchell, J., Powers, P., Wittrock, D., Gender, ethnicity, self-esteem and disordered eating among college athletes (2004) Eating Behaviors, 5 (1), pp. 147-156Sampei, M.A., Singulem, D.M., Novo, N.F., Juliano, Y., Colugnati, F.A.B., Atitudes alimentares e imagem corporal em meninas adolescentes de ascendência nipônica e caucasiana em São Paulo (SP) (2009) J Ped, 85 (2), pp. 122-128Schaal, K., Tafflet, M., Nassif, H., Thibault, V., Pichard, C., Alcotte, M., Psychological balance in high level athletes: Gender-based differences and sport-specific patterns (2011) PLoS One, 6 (5), pp. e19007Teixeira, P.C., Costa, R.B., Matsudo, S.M., Cordás, T.A., A prática de exercícios físicos em pacientes com transtornos alimentares (2009) Rev Psiq Clin, 36 (4), pp. 145-152Pernick, Y., Nichols, J.F., Rauh, M.J., Kern, M., Ji, M., Lawson, M.J., Disordered eating among a multi-racial/ethinic sample of female high school athletes (2006) J Adol Health, 38 (4), pp. 689-695Alves, E., Vasconcelos, F.A.G., Calvo, M.C.M., Neves, J., Prevalência de sintomas de anorexia nervosa e insatisfação com a imagem corporal em adolescentes do sexo feminino do Município de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil (2008) Cad Saúde Pública, 24 (3), pp. 503-512Garner, D.M., Olmsted, M.P., Bohr, Y., Garfinkel, P.A., The eating attitudes test: Psychometric features and clinical correlations (1982) Psycho Med, 12 (1), pp. 871-878Rivas, T., Bersabé, R., Jumenez, M., Berrocal, C., The eating attitudes test (EAT-26): Reliability and validity in Spanish female samples (2010) Span J Psychol, 13 (2), pp. 1044-1056Silva, L., Gomes, A.R., Martins, C., Psychological factors related to eating disordered behaviors: A study with Portuguese athletes (2011) The Spanish J Psycho, 14 (1), pp. 323-335Alvarenga, M.S., Scagliusi, F.B., Phillippi, S.T., Comportamento de risco para transtorno alimentar em universitárias brasileiras (2011) Rev Psiq Clin, 38 (1), pp. 3-7Teixeira, P.C., Hearst, N., Matsudo, S.M.M., Cordás, T.A., Conti, M.A., Adaptação transcultural: Tradução e validação de conteúdo da versão brasileira do Commitment Exercise Scale (2011) Rev Psiq Clin, 38 (1), pp. 24-28Pelegrini, A., Petroski, E.L., The association between body dissatisfaction and nutritional status in adolescent (2010) Hum Mov, 11 (1), pp. 51-57Dunker, K.L.L., Fernandes, C.P.B., Filho, D.C., Influência do nível socioeconômico sobre comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares em adolescentes (2009) J Bras Psiq, 58 (3), pp. 156-161Field, A., (2009) Descobrindo a Estatística Usando O SPSS, , Porto Alegre, ArtmedBighetti, F., Santos, C.B., Santos, J.E., Ribeiro, R.P.P., Tradução e avaliação do Eating Attitudes Test em adolescentes do sexo feminino de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo (2004) J Bras Psiq, 53 (6), pp. 339-346Fortes, L.S., Amaral, A.C.S., Conti, M.A., Cordás, T.A., Ferreira, M.E.C., Qualidades psicométricas do Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) para a população adolescente masculina brasileira Psicologia: Reflexão E Crítica, , No preloConti, M.A., Cordás, T.A., Latorre, M.R.D.O., Estudo de validade e confiabilidade da versão brasileira do Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) para adolescentes (2009) Rev Bras Saude Mater Infant, 9 (3), pp. 331-338Slaughter, M.H., Lohman, T.G., Boileau, R., Hoswill, C.A., Stillman, R.J., Yanloan, M.D., Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth (1988) Hum Biology, 60 (3), pp. 709-723Lohman, T.G., The use of skinfolds to estimate body fatness on children and youth (1987) J Phis Education Recreational Dance, 58 (1), pp. 98-103Critério De Classificação Econômica Brasil, , Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP), Acessado em: 10/7/2009Modolo, V.B., Antunes, H.K.M., Gimenez, P.R.B., Santiago, M.L.M., Tufik, S., Mello, M.T.M., Negative addiction to exercise: Are there differences between genders? (2011) Clinics, 66 (2), pp. 255-260Nascimento, A.L., Appolinário, J.C., Fontenelle, L.F., Comorbidade entre transtorno dismórfico corporal e bulimia nervosa (2012) Rev Psiq Clin, 39 (1), pp. 40-4

How Persons With Congenital Blindness Perceive Facilitators And Barriers For The Practice Of Physical Activities [facilitadores E Barreiras Percebidos Por Pessoas Com Cegueira Congênita Para A Prática De Atividade Física]

The physical activity is an important element for a healthy lifestyle. However, among people with visual impairments, this practice is reduced, which makes this group as being at risk for developing diseases associated with physical inactivity. This study aims to investigate facilitators and barriers perceived by persons with congenital blindness to physical activity. Two focus groups were conducted with eleven subjects with congenital blindness, six female and five male, age mean 34 years (+7 years). The results showed two broad categories: "main facilitators to physical activity" and "main barriers to physical activity". The facilitators (family, specialist Physical Education teachers, adapted materials, and recognition of the benefits) and barriers (family, unprepared Physical Education teachers, limited infrastructure in physical activity centers, feelings of exclusion in Physical Education classes, difficulty in spatial ability and motor coordination) reported by participants were complex and multifaceted, with social, environmental and personal origins. Considering the benefits of physical activity, it is essential that professionals adapt strategies for inclusion and appropriate participation of the congenitally blind, enabling them to explore different possibilities of movement and relationship to the world, which may act positively on the biological, psychological and social development.193379394Adelson, E., Fraiberg, S., Gross Motor Development in Infants Blind from Birth (1974) Child Development., 45, pp. 114-126. , MaldenArditi, A., Holtzman, J.D., Kosslyn, S.M., Mental Imagery and Sensory Experience in Congenital Blindness (1988) Neuropsychologia, 26, pp. 1-12. , DallasArdito, M., Roberts, J.J., A Catalog of Physical Activities for Visually Impaired Youth (2007) Electronic Projects Collection, pp. 8-65. , WorcesterBardin, L., (1977) Análise de conteúdo, p. 70. , Trad. Luís Antero Reto e Augusto Pinheiro. Lisboa: EdiçõesBatista, C.G., Formação de conceitos em crianças cegas: Questões teóricas e implicações educacionais (2005) Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 21 (1), pp. 7-15. , BrasíliaBigelow, A.E., Blind and sighted children's spatial knowledge of their home Environments (1996) International Journal of Behavioral Development, 19 (4), pp. 797-816. , AmsterdamBigelow, A., Spatial mapping of familiar locations in blind children (1991) Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 85 (3), pp. 113-117. , New YorkBrambring, M., Divergent development of gross motor skills in children who are blind or sighted (2006) Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 100 (10), pp. 620-634. , New YorkÇolak, T., Physical fitness level of blind and visually impaired goalball team players (2004) Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 12, pp. 247-252. , LansdaleDe Potter, J.C., The contribution of sport and physical activity to the-well-being of visually impaired people (2006) Science & Sports, 21, pp. 249-250. , ParisFiehler, K., Reuschel, J., Rösler, F., Early non-visual experience influences proprioceptivespatial discrimination acuity in adulthood (2009) Neuropsychologia, 47, pp. 897-906. , DallasHolbrook, E.A., Physical Activity, Body Composition, and Perceived Quality of Life of Adults with Visual Impairments (2009) Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 103 (1), pp. 17-29. , New YorkJanssen, I., Leblanc, A.G., Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth (2010) International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7 (40), pp. 1-16. , LondonKakiyama, T., Koda, Y., Matsuda, M., Effects of physical inactivity on aortic distensibility in visually impaired young men (1999) European Journal of Applied Physiology, 79, pp. 205-211. , HeidelbergKobberling, G.L., Jankowski, W., Leger, L., Energy cost of locomotion in blind adolescents (1989) Adapted Phyisical Activity Quarterly, 6, pp. 58-67. , ChampaignKozub, F.M., Oh, H., An exploratory study of physical activity levels in children and adolescents with visual impairments (2004) Clinical Kinesiology, 58 (3), pp. 1-7. , MonmouthLambert, R., West, M., Parenting styles and the depressive syndrome in congenitally blind individuals (1980) Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 74 (9), pp. 333-337. , New YorkLopes, M.C.B., Kitadai, S.P.S., Okai, L.A., Avaliação e tratamento fisioterapêutico das alterações motoras presentes em crianças deficientes visuais (2004) Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia, 63 (3), pp. 155-161. , Rio de JaneiroMorgado, F.F.R., Campana, A.N.N.B., Tavares, M.C.G.C.F., Aplicabilidade do grupo focal com pessoas cegas (2012) Benjamin Constant, 17 (52), pp. 5-13. , Rio de JaneiroMorrongiello, B.A., Spatial knowledge in blind and sighted children (1995) Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 59 (2), pp. 211-233. , Boca RatonMurphy, F.M., O'driscoll, M., Observations on the motor development of visually impaired children: Interpretations from video recordings (1989) Physiotherapy, 75 (9), pp. 505-508. , OxfordNoordzij, M.L., Zuidhoek, S., Postma, A., The influence of visual experience on visual and spatial imagery (2007) Perception, 36, pp. 101-112. , LondonOchaita, E., Rosa, A., Percepção, ação e conhecimento nas crianças cegas (1995) Desenvolvimento psicológico e educação, , In: COLL, C.PALACIOS, J.MARCHESI, A. (Orgs.). Porto Alegre: Artes MédicasPenedo, F.J., Dahn, J.R., Exercise and well-being: A review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity (2005) Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18 (2), pp. 189-193. , PittsburghPlaninsec, J., Pisot, R., Motor coordination and intelligence level in adolescents (2006) Adolescence, 41 (164), pp. 667-676. , San DiegoPonchillia, S.V., The effectiveness of aerobic exercise instruction for totally (1992) Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 86 (4), pp. 174-177. , New YorkRimmer, J., Physical activity participation among persons with disabilities: Barriers and facilitators (2004) American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 26 (5), pp. 419-425. , San DiegoRimmer, J.H., Accessibility of health clubs for people with mobility disabilities and visual impairments (2005) American Journal of Public Health, 95 (11). , WashingtonSantin, S., Simmons, J.N., Problems in the construction of reality in congenitally blind children (1977) Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 71 (10), pp. 425-429. , New YorkSeabra Jr., M.O., Manzini, E.J., (2008) Recursos e estratégias para o ensino do aluno com deficiência visual na atividade física adaptada, , Marília: ABPEESilva, A.J., Duarte, E., Almeida, J.J.G., Campeonato escolar e deficiência visual: O discurso dos professores de educação física (2011) Movimento, 17 (2), pp. 37-55. , Rio Grande do SulSödergren, M., Physical activity, exercise and self-rated health: A population-based study from Sweden (2008) BMC Public Health, 8 (352), pp. 1-9. , LondonSoler, R., (2005) Educação física inclusiva na escola em busca de uma escola plural, , Rio de Janeiro: SprintStuart, M.E., Lieberman, L., Hand, K.E., Beliefs About Physical Activity Among Children Who Are Visually Impaired and Their Parents (2006) Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 100 (4), pp. 223-234. , New YorkThinus-Blanc, C., Gaunet, F., Representation of space in blind persons: Vision as a spatial sense? (1997) Psychological Bulletin, 121 (1), pp. 20-42. , BerkeleyUngar, S., Blades, M., Spencer, C., The construction of cognitive maps by children with visual impairments (1996) The Consruction of Cognitive Maps, , In: PORTUGALI, J. (Ed.). Netherlands: Kluwer Academic PublishersVecchi, T., Visuo-spatial imagery in congenitally totally blind people (1998) Memory, 6 (1), pp. 91-102. , LondonWinnick, J.P., Performance of visually impaired youngsters in physical education activities: Implications for mainstreaming (1985) Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 3, pp. 58-66. , Champaig

Drive For Muscularity: An Exploratory Study In The Brazilian Army [drive For Muscularity: Um Estudo Exploratório No Exército Brasileiro]

Drive for muscularity refers to the desire to achieve an ideal muscular body, as well the degree of concern about increasing muscle mass. The aim of this research was to investigate drive for muscularity traits in men from the Brazilian army. Data from a non-probabilistic sample of 652 men were analyzed. Results showed associations among drive for muscularity variables and habits of physical exercise practice, life and body satisfaction, and social physique anxiety. Differences in drive for muscularity traits were also found accordingly with the romantic status, financial security and time career in the army. It was concluded that monitoring the drive for muscularity during military education should be part of the psychosocial care routines.302213222Bahrke, M.S., Muscle enhancing substances and strategies (2007) The muscular ideal: Psychological, social and medical perspectives, pp. 141-160. , J. K. Thompson & G. Cafri (Eds.), Washington, DC: APACampana, A.N.B.C., Tavares, M.C.G.C.F., Silva, D., Tradução, adaptação cultural e validação da Social Physique Anxiety Scale, para a Língua Portuguesa no Brasil (2011) Actas do 7o Congresso Iberoamericano da Avaliação Psicológica, , julho, Lisboa, PortugalCampana, A.N.B.C., Tavares, M.C.G.C.F., Swami, V., Silva, D., An examination of the psychometric properties of Brazilian Portuguese translations of the drive for muscularity scale, the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire, and the Masculine Body Ideal Distress Scale (2013) Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14, pp. 376-388Carlton, J.R., Manos, G.H., Van Slyke, J.A., Anxiety and abnormal eating behavior associated with cyclical readiness testing in a naval hospital active duty population (2005) Military Medicine, 170, pp. 663-667Edwards, S., Launder, C., Investigating muscularity concerns in male body image: Development of the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire (2000) International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28, pp. 120-124(2002) Manual de Campanha C 20-20 - Treinamento Físico Militar, , Estado-Maior do Exército (EME), 3a Ed). Brasília: Exército Brasileiro(2008) Diretriz para o Treinamento Físico Militar do Exército e sua Avaliação, , Estado-Maior do Exército (EME), Brasília: Exército BrasileiroGiles, D.C., Close, J., Exposure to 'lad magazines' and drive for muscularity in dating and non-dating young men (2008) Personality and Individual Differences, 44, pp. 1610-1616Ginis, K.A.M., Eng, J.J., Arbour, K.P., Hartman, J.W., Phillips, S.M., Mind over muscle? Sex differences in the relationship between body image change and subjective and objective physical changes following a 12-week strengthtraining program (2005) Body Image, 2, pp. 363-372Goldenberg, M., (2002) Nu & vestido, , Rio de Janeiro: RecordGraetz, B., Health consequences of employment and unemployment: Longitudinal evidence for young men and women (1993) Social Science & Medicine, 36, pp. 715-724Gunderson, E.K.E., Body size, self-evaluation, and military effectiveness (1965) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, pp. 902-906Hair Jr, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., Black, W.B., (2009) Multivariate data analysis, , Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice HallHart, E., Leary, M.R., Rejesky, W.J., The measurement of social physique anxiety (1989) Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, pp. 94-104Jones, L., The health consequences of economic recessions (1991) Journal of Health & Social Policy, 3, pp. 1-14Kimmel, S.B., Mahalik, J.R., Measuring masculine body ideal distress: Development of a measure (2004) International Journal of Men's Health, 3, pp. 1-10Leung, A.S.M., Cheung, Y.A., Liu, X., The relations between life domain satisfaction and subjective well-being (2011) Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26, pp. 155-169Luciano, L., (2001) Looking good: Male body image in modern America, , New York: Hill and WangMalhotra, N.K., (1999) Marketing research: An applied orientation, , New Jersey: Prentice HallMagnani, R., (1999) Sampling guide. IMPACT Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring Project, , Arlington: International Science and Technology InstituteMcCreary, D.R., Body image and muscularity (2011) Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention, pp. 198-205. , T. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), New York: GuilfordMcCreary, D.R., Sasse, D.K., An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls (2000) Journal of American College Health, 48, pp. 297-304McCreary, D.R., Sasse, D.K., Saucier, D.M., Dorsch, K.D., Measuring the drive for muscularity: Factorial validity of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in men and women (2004) Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5, pp. 49-58McCreary, D.R., Saucier, D.M., Drive for muscularity, body comparison, and social physique anxiety in men and women (2009) Body Image, 6, pp. 24-30McNulty, P.A., Prevalence and contributing factors of eating disorder behaviors in active duty Navy men (1997) Military Medicine, 162, pp. 753-758(2010) Módulo didático para execução e avaliação do treinamento físico militar para o curso de formação de oficiais da escola de formação de oficiais do Exército, , Ministério da Defesa, Rio de Janeiro: Exército BrasileiroMorgado, J.J.M., (2012) Imagem corporal de homens militares, , (Unpublished master's thesis), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MGMorrison, T.G., Morrison, M.A., Mc Cann, L., Striving for bodily perfection? An overview of the drive for muscularity (2006) Body image: New research, pp. 1-34. , M. Kindes (Ed.), Columbus, NY: Nova ScienceNeves, E.B., Mello, M.G.S., O risco da profissão militar na cidade do Rio de Janeiro em "tempo de paz": a percepção da tropa (2009) Ciência e Saúde Coletiva, 14, pp. 1669-1707Nowell, C., Ricciardelli, L.A., Appearance-based comments, body dissatisfaction, and drive for muscularity in males (2008) Body Image, 5, pp. 337-345Olivardia, R., Muscle dysmorphia: Characteristics, assessment, and treatment (2007) The muscular ideal: Psychological, social and medical perspectives, pp. 123-140. , K. Thompson & G. Cafri (Eds.), Washington: APAPope, H.G., Phillips, K.A., Olivardia, R., (2000) The adonis complex, , New York: Free PressPope, H.G., Gruber, A.J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., Phillips, K.A., Muscle dysmorphia: an unrecognized form of body dismorphic disorder (1997) Psychosomatics, 38, pp. 548-557Pope, C.G., Pope, H.G., Menard, W., Fay, C., Olivardia, R., Phillips, K.A., Clinical features of muscle dysmorphia among males with body dysmorphic disorder (2005) Body Image, 2, pp. 395-400Proyer, R.T., Annen, H., Eggimann, N., Schneider, A., Ruch, W., Assessing the "good life" in a military context: How does life and work satisfaction relate to orientations to happiness and career success among Swiss professional officers? (2012) Social Indicators Research, 106, pp. 577-590Ricciardelli, L.A., McCabe, M.P., A biopsychosocial model of disordered eating and the pursuit of muscularity in adolescent boys (2004) Psychological Bulletin, 130, pp. 179-205Sabino, C., Musculação: expansão e manutenção da masculinidade (2000) Os novos desejos: das academias de musculação às agências de encontros, pp. 61-104. , M. Goldenberg (Ed.), Rio de Janeiro: RecordSmith, A.R., Li, N., Joiner, T.E., The pursuit of success: Can status aspirations negatively affect body satisfaction? (2011) Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30, pp. 531-547Swami, V., Kannan, K., Furnham, A., Positive body image: Inter-ethnic and rural-urban differences among an indigenous sample from Malaysian Borneo (2012) International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 58, pp. 568-576Warr, P., (1987) Work, unemployment, and mental health, , New York: Oxford University Pres