Synthesis And Characterization Of Polystyrene/layered Hydroxide Salt Nanocomposites [síntese E Caracterização De Nanocompósitos De Poliestireno/hidroxissal Lamelar]

Polystyrene/layered hydroxide salt (LHS) modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate was synthesized by in situ polymerization. The materials synthesized were characterized by gravimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analyses (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the flammability test (FT). XRD demonstrated that synthesized nanocomposites in all compositions studied showed poor global dispersion of LHS in polystyrene. TGA showed a slight decrease in thermal stability. DSC curves showed that the glass transition temperature of polystyrene and nanocomposites were similar. The FT showed that the nanocomposite with low load of LHS exhibited good results.3711821Botan, R., Nogueira, T.R., Lona, L.M.F., Wypych, F., (2011) Polímeros, 21, p. 34Souza, M.A., Pessan, L.A., Rodolfo, Jr.A., (2006) Polímeros, 16, p. 257Nogueira, T., Botan, R., Wypych, F., Lona, L., (2011) Composites Part A, 42, p. 1025Camargo, P.H.C., Satyanarayana, K.G., Wypych, F., (2009) Mater. Res., 12, p. 1Arizaga, G.G.C., Satyanarayana, K.G., Wypych, F., (2007) Solid State Ionics, 178, p. 1143Alexandre, M., Dubois, P., (2000) Mater. Sci. Eng., 28, p. 1Pavlidou, S., Papaspyrides, C.D., (2008) Prog. Polym. Sci., 33, p. 1119Yano, K., Usuki, A., Okada, A., Kurauchi, T., Kamigaito, O., (1993) J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 31, p. 2493Esteves, A.C.C., Barros-Timmons, A., Trindade, T., (2004) Quim. Nova, 27, p. 798Nogueira, T., Botan, R., Wypych, F., Lona, L., (2012) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 124, p. 1764Vaia, R.A., Teukolsky, R.K., Giannelis, E.P., (1994) Chem. Mater., 6, p. 1017Avalos, F., Ortiz, J.C., Zitzumbo, R., López-Manchado, M.A., Verdejo, R., Arroyo, M., (2008) Eur. Polym. J., 44, p. 3108Leite, I.F., Malta, O.L., Raposo, C.M.O., Canedo, L.E., Carvalho, L.H., Silva, S.M.L., (2011) Polímeros, 21, p. 195Marangoni, R., Ramos, L.P., Wypych, F., (2009) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 330, p. 303Botan, R., Nogueira, T.R., Wypych, F., Lona, L.M.F., (2012) Polym. Eng. Sci., 52, p. 1754Kotal, M., Kuila, T., Srivastava, S.K., Bhowmick, A.K., (2009) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 114, p. 2691Qiu, L., Chen, W., Qu, B., (2005) Colloid Polym. Sci., 283, p. 1241Qiu, L., Chen, W., Qu, B., (2005) Polym. Degrad. Stab., 87, p. 433http://www.boedeker.com/bpi-ul94.htm, acessada em Setembro 2013Nogueira, T., Botan, R., Neto, J.C.M., Wypych, F., Lona, L., (2013) Adv. Polym. Tech., 32, pp. E66

The Use Of Soy Oil Deodorization Distillate As An Alternative Source Of Vitamin E Reduced The Weight Gain Of Rats [o Uso Do Destilado Da Desodorização Do óleo De Soja Como Fonte Alternativa De Vitamina E Reduziu A Evolução Ponderal Em Ratos]

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if the use of soybean oil deodorization distillate as an alternative source of vitamin E, both in natura and neutralized, affected the growth of Wistar rats. The effects on the Food Conversion Ratio and the Net Protein Efficiency Ratio for casein were also determined. Methods: Recently weaned, male, Specific Pathogen Free rats, fed on the AIN-93G formulated diet, were divided into five experimental groups, each with 10 animals, and supplemented by oral-gastric drip: the control and no protein groups were supplemented with olive oil (placebo); group B was supplemented with crude soybean oil deodorization distillate; group N was supplemented with neutralized soybean oil deodorization distillate and group E was supplemented with Ephinal®. Groups B, N and E received the vitamin mixture depleted with respect to vitamin E. Results: The weight increases of the rats and the ratios calculated for groups control and E gave higher values than for the other groups (p0.05) between groups B and N with respect to weight gain, showing values 32% lower than for groups control and E. Groups control and E showed the highest values for Protein Efficiency Ratio, 3.9 and 4.0, and for Food Conversion Ratio, 0.38 and 0.41, respectively, showing no significant difference between these two groups. Group B showed lower Protein Efficiency Ratio and Food Conversion Ratio values, 3.0 and 0.26, than group N, 3.5 and 0.32, showing that neutralization of the soybean oil deodorization distillate reduced possible anti-nutritional or toxic effects of this residue. Conclusion: It was shown that the use of soybean oil deodorization distillate had a negative effect on the weight gain of rats and on the indexes of diet and protein quality of the casein.185693697Azzi, A., Stocker, A., Vitamin E: Non-antioxidant roles (2000) Prog Lipid Res, 39 (3), pp. 231-255Augusto, M.M.M., (1988) Obtenção e Caracterização de Um Concentrado de Tocoferóis (Vitamina E) a Partir Do Destilado Da Desodorizaç ão Do Óleo de Soja, , (Dissertação). Campinas: Universidade Estadual de CampinasAlmeida, M.E.M., Guzman, E.C., Carvalho, P.R.N., Rusig, O., Avaliação de destilado da desodorização do óleo de soja para a extração de vitamina E (1994) Arq Biol Tecnol, 37 (4), pp. 1003-1011Reeves, P.G., Nielsen, F.H., Fahey Jr., G.C., AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet (1993) J Nutr, 123 (11), pp. 1939-1951Santidrián, S., Goena, M., Cuevillas, F., Larralde, J., Muscle protein synthesis of rats fed a kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) diet (1988) Rev Esp Fisiol, 44 (1), pp. 109-110Erickson, D.R., Neutralization (1995) Practical Handbook of Soybean Processing and Utilization, pp. 184-185. , Erickson DR. Champaign: AOCS Press(1989) Recommended Dietary Allowances. 10th Ed., , Washington (DC): FNB/NASHorwitz, W., (1975) Oficial Methods of Analysis. 12th Ed., , Washington (DC): AOACContreras-Guzmán, E.S., Strong, F.C., Determination of tocopherols (vitamin E) by redution of cupric ion (1982) J Assoc off Anal Chem, 65 (5), pp. 1215-1221Contreras-Guzmán, E.S., Barata, L.S., (1984) Recuperação de Vitamina E Dos Resíduos Da Indústria de Óleos Vegetais, , Campinas: Funcam