The Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of \u3c9-3, \u3c9-6 lipids and \u3b2-sitosterol from Italian walnuts: A central composite design approach

A central composite design approach was used to optimize the supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) extraction of Italian Walnut oil, considering the effect of pressure (from 82.3 to 317.6 bar), temperature (from 309.7 to 326.5 K) and process time (from 1.5 to 6.5 h) on extraction yield, fatty acid composition and sitosterol content. A multiple regression analysis indicated pressure and time as major parameters influencing the extraction yield. Those parameters also induced changes in the extract compositions giving the opportunity to obtain enriched fractions of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Increased PUFA yields were obtained with higher pressure values but, for longer process times, extracts stated augmented amounts of saturated fatty acids. The different solubility behavior of PUFA and other lipids in SCCO2 could be exploited for the production of walnut oil fractions with high PUFA contents that can be considered as starting materials for the development of food supplements or functional foods

Exploring the shape influence on melting temperature, enthalpy, and solubility of organic grug nanocrystals by a thermodynamic model

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link.This paper focuses on a thermodynamic model built to predict the reduction of organic drug melting temperature and enthalpy with nanocrystal size decrease. Indeed, this valuable information enables us to evaluate the increase of drug solubility, an aspect of paramount importance for poorly water-soluble organic drugs since a solubility increase is reflected in a bioavailability enhancement. In particular, the model considers the effect of nanocrystals shape (spherical, cylindrical, and parallelepiped-shaped) and morphology (from platelet to needle nanocrystals) on the melting temperature and enthalpy reduction with crystal size decrease. Nimesulide, a typical nonsteroidal and poorly water-soluble drug with anti-inflammatory action, has been chosen as a model drug to test model reliability. Model outcomes suggest that the reduction of melting temperature and enthalpy mainly depends on the ratio between crystals surface area and volume, i.e., on the ratio between the number of surface and bulk molecules constituting the nanocrystal network. The obtained prediction of solubility enhancement and the successful comparison with the outcomes obtained from a molecular dynamics approach, in terms of melting temperature and enthalpy decrease, have confirmed the reliability of the proposed model

Terpenes of Salvia species leaf oils: chemosystematic implications

Wild specimens of Salvia L. were collected in three different moments of anthesis and their volatile leaf oils were analyzed by GC/GCMS. The quantitative terpene composition is very variable with the anthesis. S. bertolonii is the richest species in a-thujone. S. officinalis is characterized by high percentages of 1,8 cineole, 4-terpineol, isorboneol and a -bisabolol. In S. verticillata high percentages of borneol and {3-cariophyllene are present. In the three species a-thujone was always more abundant than ß-thujone. The three taxa are characterized by peculiar combinations of terpenoids. The multivariate analysis of the chemical data indicates the degree of affinity between the three taxa and their chemotaxonomical status. Some components of Salvia essential oil have pharmaceutical activities

Microwave applications in pharmaceutical dosage form development

Microwave technology is becoming a powerful technique that offers several advantages in many scientific fields. This chapter focuses on the microwave benefit in pharmaceutical process on the light of the recent literature data. In order to regulate the active ingredient delivery and physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical dosage forms, we exploited microwave technology either during the preparation process or directly onto the final product

Precipitazione della nimesulide con CO2 supercritica come antisolvente

Nimesulide was processed by Supercritical Fluid antisolvent technique

Antisolvent Precipitation of Vitamin B6: A Thermodynamic Study

A supercritical antisolvent precipitation process was applied to recrystallize vitamin B6 from ethanol solution in CO2. By means of the PengRobinson equation of state (PR EoS), we performed preliminary studies to identify better operative conditions in terms of the organic solvent, pressure, temperature, and ability to carry a precipitate of the solute. This simulation was also considered to estimate the vitamin B6 particle size starting from supersaturation conditions

La Tabella n. 3 della Farmacopea Ufficiale Italiana dopo i decreti ministeriali del 2018: dubbi e incertezze

l Decreto 24 luglio 2018 del Ministero della Salute, pubblicato sulla Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 188 del 14 agosto 2018, ha provveduto all\u2019aggiornamento della Tabella n. 3 della XII edizione della Farmacopea Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana, generando nei Farmacisti alcune incertezze sulla corretta gestione delle sostanze tradizionalmente chiamate \u201cveleni\u201d. Il presente articolo esamina alcuni aspetti del vigente testo della Tabella n. 3 allo scopo di fornire al Farmacista indicazioni sulle misure tecnico-organizzative da attuare, proponendo altres\uec un intervento da parte del legislatore

L\u2019aggiornamento della Tabella n. 3 della FUI XII ed.:criticit\ue0 nell\u2019applicazione per l\u2019attivit\ue0 professionaledel farmacista e del medico

L\u2019aggiornamento della Tabella n. 3 della FUI XII ed. costituisce un importante passaggio per l\u2019armonizzazione delle norme sulle sostanze e miscele chimiche pericolose alla normativa internazionale in vigore. Il presente articolo evidenzia tuttavia talune criticit\ue0 nell\u2019applicazione nell\u2019attivit\ue0 professionale che riguardano sia il medico prescrittore che il farmacista nell\u2019ambito dell\u2019attivit\ue0 galenica. Gli Autori sottolineano inoltre l\u2019importanza di un ulteriore intervento da parte del legislatore per superare incongruenze e disposizioni obsolete, con particolare riguardo agli aspetti della sicurezza del medicinale galenico, della trasparenza dell\u2019informazione all\u2019utilizzatore del medicinale, della gestione del rischio clinico nell\u2019ambito galenico

Monitoring polymer-assisted mechanochemical cocrystallisation through in situ X-ray powder diffraction

Time-resolved mechanochemical cocrystallisation studies have so-far focused solely on neat and liquid-assisted grinding. Here, we report the investigation of polymer-assisted grinding reactions using in situ X-ray powder diffraction, revealing that reaction rate is almost double compared to neat grinding and independent of the molecular weight and amount of the polymer additive used