11 research outputs found

    La rĂ©sistance du piment (Capsicum annum L.) Ă  Phytophthora capsici LĂ©on. X. - Influence de la tempĂ©rature sur l’accumulation du capsidiol et les variations de l’induction de rĂ©sistance

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    AprĂšs contamination par Phytophthora capsici, les tiges de piment manifestent un Ă©tat de rĂ©sistance induite. Cet Ă©tat peut ĂȘtre mis en Ă©vidence non seulement par une Ă©tude de la vitesse de progression de la nĂ©crose externe (tabl. 1), mais encore par une 2e contamination effectuĂ©e au front de progression des hyphes de la ler contamination (tabl. 3). Les Ă©tudes rĂ©alisĂ©es Ă  diffĂ©rentes tempĂ©ratures montrent que, chez les variĂ©tĂ©s rĂ©sistantes, l’induction est excellente Ă  22° et nulle Ă  32 °C ; cependant, si les tempĂ©ratures ne demeurent pas constantes (transferts thermiques : 4 jours Ă  22°, puis 4 jours Ă  32 °C ou vice versa), l’induction demeure Ă  un niveau trĂšs satisfaisant. Des dosages de capsidiol, effectuĂ©s au front de progression de la 1er (Cl) et de la 2e (C2) contaminations, tendent Ă  montrer que cette phytoalexine, dont la synthĂšse est nulle Ă  32 °C, n’est pas un dĂ©terminant primaire de la rĂ©sistance induite.Pepper stems showed an induced resistance if they were contaminated by Phytophthora capsici. This was demonstrated not only by a gradual decrease in speed of invasion (table 1), but also by inhibition of a second inoculation made at the advancing front of the first infection (table 3). Studies at different temperatures showed that, with the resistant varieties, induced resistance was high at 22 °C and nil at 32 °C, while, if temperatures were alternatcd (4 days at 22 °C and 4 days at 32 °C or vice versa), the induced resistance remained appreciably high. Determination of capsidiol concentration at the advancing front of the first (Cl) and the second (C2) infections shows that the phytoalexin, whose synthesis at 32 °C was nil, did not apparently take a prominent part in the induced resistance mechanism

    La résistance du piment a Phytophthora capsici. XIII: Mise en évidence d'une induction de résistance par des extraits de jeunes piments contaminés ou élicités

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    Des extraits, obtenus par infiltration d’eau dans les tissus, sont prĂ©parĂ©s Ă  partir de plantules de piment soit saines, soit contaminĂ©es par pulvĂ©risation de spores de Phytophthora capsici, soit Ă©licitĂ©es par trempage des racines dans la fraction G5 15. DĂ©posĂ©s sur cotylĂ©dons en survie de piment « Yolo Wonder », ils peuvent induire une rĂ©sistance vis-Ă -vis de P. capsici. Les extraits de piment rĂ©sistant Ă  P. capsici, « Phyo 636 », sont toujours plus efficaces que les extraits de piment sensible, « Yolo Wonder ». L’effet de protection, dĂ©jĂ  net avec des extraits de matĂ©riel sain, est accentuĂ© avec des extraits de matĂ©riel contaminĂ© ou Ă©licitĂ©. N’ayant pas d’action inhibitrice sur la germination in vitro des zoospores de P. capsici, mais dĂ©clenchant au contact du vĂ©gĂ©tal une induction de rĂ©sistance, les extraits obtenus peuvent ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©s comme des Ă©liciteurs endogĂšnes. L’intĂ©rĂȘt des Ă©liciteurs endogĂšnes et exogĂšnes est discutĂ©.Extracts, obtained by infiltration of water into tissues, were prepared from young peppers (healthy or infected by Phytophthora capsici or elicited by the elicitor fraction G5 15). These extracts, placed on detached pepper cotyledons, induced resistance to P. capsici. Extracts from resistant pepper, "Phyo 636", were always more active than those from susceptible pepper, "Yolo Wonder". The protection effect, already high with extracts from healthy plants, increased with those from infected or elicited plants. The extracts had no inhibitory effect on zoospore germination ; they behaved as endogenous elicitors. The concept of endogenous and exogenous elicitors is discussed

    Leveillula taurica (Lev) Arn : cultures axéniques, biologie et spécificité parasitaire

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    Leveillula taurica se diffĂ©rencie des autres oĂŻdiums par plusieurs caractĂ©ristiques : - la conservation des isolats s’effectue sur feuilles en survie (et non sur cotylĂ©dons) maintenues sur milieu gĂ©losĂ© en atmosphĂšre saturĂ©e en eau, la contamination s’effectuant de prĂ©fĂ©rence par la face infĂ©rieure du limbe et en prĂ©sence d’eau. Pour les feuilles de tomate, il convient d’enrichir le milieu avec 1 mg/l d’acide indol-butyrique; - la germination des spores s’effectue parfaitement en milieu liquide. DiffĂ©rentes prĂ©parations fongicides ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es dans ces conditions; aucune ne s’est rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©e totalement efficace, mĂȘme Ă  fortes concentrations; - grĂące Ă  une technique spĂ©ciale de microscopie, il est montrĂ© que les tubes germinatifs pĂ©nĂštrent par les stomates; cependant ceux-ci ne semblent pas jouer un rĂŽle important dans la sensibilitĂ© du matĂ©riel vĂ©gĂ©tal; - sur plantes en serre, les contaminations artificielles peuvent aisĂ©ment se rĂ©aliser avec un inoculum liquide. Il est inutile de placer le matĂ©riel en chambre humide. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus en infections croisĂ©es montrent qu’il n’y a pas de spĂ©cificitĂ© parasitaire chez L taurica (4 isolats utilisĂ©s sur 5 hĂŽtes diffĂ©rents).L taurica is distinguished from the other powdery mildews by the following : - Conservation of isolates is carried out on detached leaves (not on cotyledons) maintained on agar medium (100% relative humidity) on which the spores are deposited in a drop of water on the lower side of the blade (table I). For young tomato leaves, indole butyric acid (1 mg/l) should be added to the medium to prevent foliar necrosis (table II). - The spores germinate very well in liquid medium. Several fungicides have been tested under these conditions: even at high concentrations, none of them have proved to be really efficient (table III). - A special microscopic technique has shown that the germinative tubes enter via stomata (fig 1). However, they seem to play a minor role in contamination. For artificial contamination in the greenhouse, the plants are sprayed with liquid inoculum. It is not necessary to place the material in a damp chamber. The results obtained from cross-infections (4 isolates used on 5 host plants) suggest that there is no parasitic specificity (table IV). The different characteristics noted above are discussed

    Mesure par conductimetrie de la receptivite aux maladies fongiques et du niveau de resistance induite par elicitation. Etude sur 3 modeles experimentaux

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    L’apprĂ©ciation des dĂ©gĂąts parasitaires, souvent difficile Ă  Ă©valuer, peut ĂȘtre effectuĂ©e par des mesures conductimĂ©triques; en effet, les cellules altĂ©rĂ©es libĂšrent davantage d’électrolytes que les cellules saines dans le milieu extĂ©rieur, dont on mesure la conductance. Cette mĂ©thode peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ©e dans diffĂ©rents cas, notamment lorsqu’il y a attaque au niveau racinaire. On mesure alors la conductance de l’eau dans laquelle baignent des racines contaminĂ©es (piment - Phytophthora capsici, tableau I), ou des feuilles appartenant Ă  des plantes dont le systĂšme racinaire est malade (blĂ© - Gaeumannomyces graminis) (tableau II). Les mesures de perte d’électrolytes par conductimĂ©trie apportent Ă©galement des renseignements intĂ©ressants sur la rĂ©ceptivitĂ© aux maladies des tissus sains; celle-ci varie en particulier avec l’ñge des tissus, notamment en fonction de la hauteur des entre-nƓuds et des Ă©tages foliaires; elle peut ĂȘtre mesurĂ©e par la quantitĂ© d’ions relarguĂ©s, car une bonne corrĂ©lation existe entre les notes de sensibilitĂ© Ă  la maladie et la conductance des tissus sains. Les Ă©tudes ont Ă©tĂ© conduites, d’une part, sur le couple maĂŻs - Helminthosporium turcicum (tableau III avec r = + 0,953) et d’autre part, sur le couple piment - Phytophthora capsici (tableau IV avec r = + 0,909 pour les feuilles et r = + 0,932 pour les tiges). Les Ă©liciteurs ont la propriĂ©tĂ© d’induire chez les vĂ©gĂ©taux des mĂ©canismes de dĂ©fense. Le passage Ă  l’état Ă©licitĂ© se traduit par une modification de la permĂ©abilitĂ© cellulaire qui a pu ĂȘtre observĂ©e ici avec 2 Ă©liciteurs phospholipidiques : un sphingophospholipide Ă  inositol issu de P capsici et une phosphatidylcholine issue de G graminis. L’étude sur piment, qu’il s’agisse d’élicitation directe ou d’élicitation Ă  distance (tableau V), montre que les tissus traitĂ©s relarguent de moins en moins d’électrolytes au fur et Ă  mesure que la concentration en Ă©liciteur augmente et que la protection se renforce. Il existe cependant une concentration en Ă©liciteur optimale au-delĂ  de laquelle l’effet s’inverse. Chez le blĂ©, les semences ayant germĂ© en prĂ©sence d’éliciteur donnent des plantules qui libĂšrent moins d’électrolytes que les tĂ©moins (tableau VI). L’intĂ©rĂȘt de cette mĂ©thode en phytopathologie est discutĂ©.Damage to plants due to parasites is often difficult to evaluate, particularly in root system diseases. When altered cells (necrotic or with altered metabolism) are soaked in water, they leak electrolytes and the conductance of the surrounding solution increases. For example, the amount of electrolytes released by pepper roots attacked by Phytophthora capsici increases with zoospore concentration (table I); likewise, at flowering time, leaves of wheat (when floated on water) contaminated by Gaeumannomyces graminis have a higher conductance than the healthy control (table II). The susceptibility of healthy tissues changes with age, particularly with the height of internodes and foliar position above the soil. In the corn - Helminthosporium turcicum (table III) and pepper - P capsici system interactions (table IV), there is a good correlation between the conductance of healthy tissues and the susceptibility ratings of corresponding tissues (corn leaf, r = 0.953; pepper leaf, r = 0.909; pepper stem, r = 0.932). Elicitation may be performed either by soaking detached cotyledons or by truncating and soaking non-detached cotyledons (pepper, table V) or by soaking the seeds (wheat, table VI). Two phospholipid elicitors are used: inositol sphingophospholipid isolated from P capsici and phosphatidylcholine isolated from G graminis. The elicitor amount of electrolytes leaked by plants decreases whith increasing concentrations. However, there is an optimum concentration (between 5 and 10 ÎŒg/ml) beyond which the effect is reversed

    Inheritance of reaction to Leveillula taurica (Lev.) Arn. in Capsicum annuum L. Herança da reação à Leveillula taurica (Lev.) Arn. em Capsicum annuum L.

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    The use of fungicides to control powdery mildew in sweet pepper has been ineffective and genetic resistance is the best alternative. Resistance sources identified in Capsicum annuum L. are rare and unsatisfactory. The purpose of this work was to study the inheritance of C. annuum reaction to powdery mildew. Three homozygous powdery mildew resistant parents, HV-12, Chilli and #124 and three susceptible lines, 609, 442 and 428 were used to obtain seven F1's and respectively their generations F2: HV-12 x 609, 442 &times; HV-12, 428 &times; HV-12, Chilli &times; 609, #124 &times; 609, Chilli &times; HV-12 and #124 &times; HV-12. The powdery epidemic was natural using inoculum from highly sporulating susceptible pepper host. Powdery mildew host reaction evaluations were carried out during the fruit production using a rating system based on disease severity scales varying from 1 (resistant) to 5 (highly susceptible). The experimental design was completely randomized. The following genetic parameters were estimated: locus numbers, gene action, heritability coefficient, expected selection gain and observed progress in F3 generation, and possibly allelic relationship among resistance genes of different resistance sources. The HV-12&times;609 cross was the only one that showed absence of dominance. Other genetically analyzed crossings showed dominant and epistatic effects. Resistance was characterized as being due to at least four pairs of genes. The heritability and selection gains estimates were high. The resistance mechanisms of #124, Chilli and HV-12 showed differences in their expression.<br>O uso de fungicidas no controle do oĂ­dio do pimentĂŁo tem se mostrado ineficaz, sendo a resistĂȘncia genĂ©tica a melhor alternativa. As fontes de resistĂȘncia identificadas em Capsicum annuum L. sĂŁo raras e nĂŁo satisfatĂłrias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a herança da reação de C. annuum ao oĂ­dio. TrĂȘs progenitores resistentes e homozigĂłticos, HV-12, Chilli e #124 e trĂȘs suscetĂ­veis, 609, 442 e 428 foram usados na obtenção de sete hĂ­bridos e respectivas geraçÔes F2: HV-12 &times; 609, 442 &times; HV-12, 428 &times; HV-12, Chilli &times; 609, #124 &times; 609, Chilli &times; HV-12 e #124 &times; HV-12. A epidemia de oĂ­dio ocorreu de maneira natural a partir de inĂłculo mantido em plantas de pimentĂŁo suscetĂ­veis. As avaliaçÔes das reaçÔes ao oĂ­dio foram feitas na fase de frutificação, atravĂ©s de uma escala de notas de 1 (resistente) a 5 (altamente suscetĂ­vel). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado. Foram estimados, os nĂșmeros de locos, ação gĂȘnica, coeficiente de herdabilidade, ganho de seleção esperado e o progresso observado em F3 e possĂ­veis relaçÔes de alelismo entre os genes que governam a resistĂȘncia. O cruzamento HV-12 &times; 609 foi o Ășnico em que a reação de resistĂȘncia mostrou ausĂȘncia de dominĂąncia. Nos demais cruzamentos detectaram-se efeitos dominantes e epistĂĄticos. A herança foi caracterizada sendo governada por no mĂ­nimo quatro pares de genes. As herdabilidades e ganhos de seleção estimados foram altos. O mecanismo de resistĂȘncia dos progenitores resistentes #124, Chilli e HV-12 mostraram diferenças de expressĂŁo e natureza genĂ©tica
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