Cerâmicas da Idade do Ferro II do depósito votivo de Garvão

Garvão foi um importante local sagrado da Idade do Ferro II, onde em 1982 foi acidentalmente descoberto um impressionante depósito votivo [1]. Na escavação foram recuperados uma enorme variedade de materiais, sobretudo cerâmica, os quais foram depositados intencionalmente e cuidadosamente organizados de modo a optimizar o espaço disponível. A cerâmica recuperada mostra que durante a Idade do Ferro este sítio arqueológico foi um ponto de fusão das sociedades ibéricas com fortes influências celtas (interior da Península Ibérica) e do mundo Mediterrâneo. A análise estilística das cerâmicas permitiu a classificação do conjunto cerâmico em diferentes grupos tipológicos. Relacionando o estudo material com aspectos geológicos pretende-se contribuir para uma melhor compreensão das sociedades que produziram estas cerâmicas e das suas interacções no SW da Península durante a Idade do Ferro II. Deste modo, estabeleceu-se uma metodologia de estudo multi-analítica. Aplicando técnicas modernas das ciências dos materiais e os princípios da ciências físicas (por exemplo, geologia e química) pode-se obter respostas e uma melhor compreensão da importância de Garvão nesta área da Península Ibérica. A combinação de técnicas como microscopia electrónica com possibilidade de análise elementar, difracção de raios-X e análise térmica permitem identificar a composição mineralógica destas cerâmicas que extrapolada para a geologia regional, permitem importantes contributos para o conhecimento das sociedades que produziram estes materiais de uso comum. Especial ênfase é concedida à fonte de proveniência das matérias-primas, aos aspectos tecnológicos e, às rotas de circulação de mercadorias, ideias e crenças religiosas. Os primeiros resultados [2] são sobre um grupo de cerâmicas em que foram utilizados dois tipos de matérias-primas: um núcleo inicial com desengordurantes mais grosseiros e a construção da peça com material mais fino. [1] C. Beirão et al., O Arqueólogo Português, 3 (1985) 45-136 [2] L. Rosado et al. In IMA2010, Bonds and Bridges: Mineral sciences and their applications, Budapeste (2010),Livro de Resumos. p. 122 Agradecimentos. Este trabalho é financiado pela FCT através do projecto GODESS e da bolsa de Doutoramento SFRH/BD/67093/2009. Os autores agradecem o apoio da Câmara Municipal de Ourique

Iron age pottery from Garvão votive deposit

The Iberian Peninsula was an attractive area in ancient times due to its abundance in geological resources. Hence, the Iberian Iron Age is a period of successive social and political transformations, sometimes resulting in conflicts [1]. In 1982, an impressive votive deposit was discovered in Garvão (SW Portugal) revealing an important Iron Age II holy site [2]. Beside some uncertainties, this region is marked by very strong Mediterranean cultural influence but the inhabitants are celtic. The materials recovered (mainly pottery) were intentionally deposited, carefully arranged in order to optimize the available space [2, 3]. The pottery recovered shows that during Iron Age this archeological site was a merging geostrategic point of the Iberian societies with strong influences of the Mediterranean world and the Iberia celtic influences. Pottery fragments are one of the most common signs of human occupation. Its aesthetic aspects are extensively studied as one of mankind’s earliest expressions of representational art. But the ceramic characteristics depend also on the technology accessibility, the relationship of the societies with their environment, especially with the availability of raw materials, and on the commercial and cultural connections with other societies [4, 5]. Raw materials used by these communities provide essential information to understand specific historical periods. The geological resources are particularly useful for this purpose because even processed they can figure out identifiable signatures of provenance or technology used. Moreover, their intermittent occurrence and human necessity justify the existence of trade routes. A detailed study of the pottery based on stylistic analysis was envisaged which allowed the classification into different clusters. Special emphasis will be given to the provenance of the pottery, the technological aspects and the relationship between populations and Garvão holy site. The study of geological raw materials applying and combining modern techniques of earth materials sciences and the principles of physical sciences (e.g. geology and chemistry) can provide answers and a better understanding of the Garvão importance in this area of the Iberian Peninsula. A multi-analytical methodology was setup using optical and electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. The combination of these techniques applied to selected Garvão pottery materials allowed the recognition of the ceramic phase composition, firing temperature, kiln atmosphere, ceramic manufacturing processes and origin of raw materials. With this study, connections with Mediterranean areas and with local production areas were underlined revealing that Garvão was a multicultural area. References [1] Alfenin, R. & Pariera, R.: Taller Poliorcética, Conclusiones, in “Poliorcética, Fortificación y Patrimonio (Asalto y Defensa de Plazas Fuertes)”, Editorial Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, pp. 307-322, 2005. [2] Beirão, C. de M., Tavares, C., Soares, J., Varela, M. and Varela, R.: Depósito votivo da II Idade do Ferro de Garvão. Notícia da primeira campanha de escavações, O Arqueólogo Português, 3, 45-136, 1985. [3] Beirão, C. de M., Tavares, C., Soares, J., Gomes, M. and Varela, R.: Um depósito votivo da II Idade do Ferro, no sul de Portugal, e as suas relações com as culturas da Meseta, Veleia, 2-3, 2017-221, 1985-86. [4] Maggetti, M. & Galetti, G.: Late La Téne pottery from western Switzerland: one regional or several local workshops? in Maggetti, M. & Messiga, B. (eds) “Geomaterials in Cultural Heritage”. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 257, 63-80, 2009. [5] Arnold, D.: Linking society with the compositional analyses of pottery: a model from comparative ethnography. in: Livingstone Smith, A., Bosquet, D. & Marttineau, R. (eds) “Pottery Manufacturing Process: Reconstitution and Interpretation”. British Archaeological Reports International Series. Archaeopress, Oxford, 1349, 1-12, 2001. Acknowledgments This work was financial supported by “Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia” (FCT) through the project PTDC/HIS-ARQ/108758/2008 and the PhD grant SFRH/BD/67093/2009

Avaliação de jurubeba juna (Solanum stramonifolium Jacq) como porta-enxerto para tomateiro em Altamira-PA.

O objetivo deste ensaio foi o de avaliar a jurubeba juna como porta-enxerto para tomateiro, em Altamira-PA.bitstream/item/201326/1/BPD-187.pd

Phytoplankton dynamics in relation to seasonal variability and upwelling and relaxation patterns at the mouth of Ria de Aveiro (West Iberian Margin) over a four-year period

From June 2004 to December 2007, samples were weekly collected at a fixed station located at the mouth of Ria de Aveiro (West Iberian Margin). We examined the seasonal and inter-annual fluctuations in composition and community structure of the phytoplankton in relation to the main environmental drivers and assessed the influence of the oceano-graphic regime, namely changes in frequency and intensity of upwelling events, over the dynamics of the phytoplankton assemblage. The samples were consistently handled and a final subset of 136 OTUs (taxa with relative abundance > 0.01%) was subsequently submitted to various multivariate analyses. The phytoplankton assemblage showed significant changes at all temporal scales but with an overriding importance of seasonality over longer-(inter-annual) or shorter-term fluctuations (upwelling-related). Sea-surface temperature, salinity and maximum upwelling index were retrieved as the main driver of seasonal change. Seasonal signal was most evident in the fluctuations of chlorophyll a concentration and in the high turnover from the winter to spring phytoplankton assemblage. The seasonal cycle of production and succession was disturbed by upwelling events known to disrupt thermal stratification and induce changes in the phytoplankton assemblage. Our results indicate that both the frequency and intensity of physical forcing were important drivers of such variability, but the outcome in terms of species composition was highly dependent on the available local pool of species and the timing of those events in relation to the seasonal cycle. We conclude that duration, frequency and intensity of upwelling events, which vary seasonally and inter-annually, are paramount for maintaining long-term phytoplankton diversity likely by allowing unstable coexistence and incorporating species turnover at different scales. Our results contribute to the understanding of the complex mechanisms of coastal phytoplankton dynamics in relation to changing physical forcing which is fundamental to improve predictability of future prospects under climate change.Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) [SFRH/BPD/ 94562/2013]; FEDER funds; national funds; CESAM [UID/AMB/50017]; FCT/MEC through national funds; FEDERinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio