Evaluation of Anti-Depressant Activity of whole Plant Extracts of Celosia Cristata Linn

Depression is generally long lasting and with moderate to severe intensity. Depression is one of the serious health conditions. Suicides can be result of the depression. It has been estimated that every year, approximately 1 million deaths occurs due to depression. Worldwide, depression is a very common illness, it was estimated that 350 million people are affected from this illness. Everyday life’s mood fluctuations i.e. usual and short-lived emotional responses to challenges, can not be called as depression. Depression is commonly treated with antidepressant medications. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are generally preferred types of antidepressants. The examples of SSRIs are Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluoxetine, Paroxetine and Sertraline. The most common side effects of antidepressants associated with SSRIs and SNRIs include, Agitation, Nausea, Headache, Sleeplessness or drowsiness, reduced sex drive, problems having and enjoying sex that can be persist men and women, both. Side effects like Blurred vision, Bladder problem, Constipation, Drowsiness, Dry mouth, Sexual problems are associated with tricyclic antidepressants. From centuries, St. John's wort has been used as folk and herbal remedies. It is being used commonly to treat mild to moderate depression. In traditional Chinese and Indian medicine, practitioners used green tea to improving mental processes and health. Dating back more than 4,000 years, as per Chinese tradition, Chinese green tea can cure anything from depression, body aches, headaches, pains to constipation. In the present study plant parts of Celosia Cristata (Tea, Chia) have been be evaluated for antidepressant activity. As literature shows that traditionally this plant is being use in the treatment of depression. The plants materials Cleosia cristata used for the present studies were commercially procured from local market of Indore India. Solvents i.e. petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and distilled water were used in the extraction process. The leaves, fruits, marketed tea, flowers and roots were dried, reduced to coarse powder and extracted successively with petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethanol using soxhlet apparatus. The dried mark of these parts were macerated with warm distilled water and filtered. The extractives were evaporated under reduced pressure. Water extractives were obtained by evaporation of water extractives on hot plate in china dish. Albino mice were used for the antidepressant activity. The animals were selected at random (male and female). The petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and water extractives were subjected to antidepressant studies obtained from Leaves, fruits, marketed tea, flower and roots of Cleosia cristata. Dried extractives were suspended Tween 80 (2-5%) and then were suspended in distilled water. The standard drug, Imipramine was taken as the standard drug. The Porsolt swim test (PST) or forces swim test (FST) and Tail suspension test were used for screening of antidepressant drugs. The drug, imipramine (10 m.g/kg, orally) and various extractives in the doses of 100, 200, 300 and 400 m.g/kg were administrated 30 minute prior to the experiment. The experiments consisted of a group of minimum six animals. The data is expressed as average immobility time ± Standard Error of Average. All the extractives were compared with control and imipramine (standard) separately using one way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett's Method. Results at P<0.001 were considered statistically significant. Ethanol extractives of plant have shown significant reduction in total immobility time in mice in both the animal models at the doses of 100, 200, 300 and 400 m.g/kg. As reported earlier, tea plant contains more than 4000 bioactive compounds. The major parts of these compounds are flavonoids, polyphenols and catechins. All these are the biologically active compounds. Other compounds are amino acids, carbohydrates, chlorophyll, alkaloids (caffeine, theophylline and theobromine), fluoride, proteins, volatile organic compounds, aluminum, minerals and trace elements. Polyphenolic compounds present in tea are mostly flavonoids. The polyphenols, group contains catechins. The health benefits of the tea may be due to presence of flavonoids and catechins. Major catechins are epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin. Green tea contains most abundant and active catechin as epigallocatechin – 3 – gallate. Green tea contains relatively higher contents of these catechins as compare to black tea. The antidepressant activity of the deferent extractives may be due to polyphenols (flavonoids and catechin) compounds. During this research work, it is reported that ethanol extractives of leaves, fruits have shown significant antidepressant activity in the animal models. Further it is suggested to more research work for development of suitable drug formulation for the human use. It is also suggested to conduct human clinical trials for collection of more strong evidences for antidepressant activity of Celosia Cristata and to establish its drug safety or toxicity profile

Prevalence of Depression in a Large Urban South Indian Population — The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (Cures – 70)

BACKGROUND: In India there are very few population based data on prevalence of depression. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of depression in an urban south Indian population. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Subjects were recruited from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES), involving 26,001 subjects randomly recruited from 46 of the 155 corporation wards of Chennai (formerly Madras) city in South India. 25,455 subjects participated in this study (response rate 97.9%). Depression was assessed using a self-reported and previously validated instrument, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) - 12. Age adjustment was made according to the 2001 census of India. The overall prevalence of depression was 15.1% (age-adjusted, 15.9%) and was higher in females (females 16.3% vs. males 13.9%, p<0.0001). The odds ratio (OR) for depression in female subjects was 1.20 [Confidence Intervals (CI): 1.12-1.28, p<0.001] compared to male subjects. Depressed mood was the most common symptom (30.8%), followed by tiredness (30.0%) while more severe symptoms such as suicidal thoughts (12.4%) and speech and motor retardation (12.4%) were less common. There was an increasing trend in the prevalence of depression with age among both female (p<0.001) and male subjects (p<0.001). The prevalence of depression was higher in the low income group (19.3%) compared to the higher income group (5.9%, p<0.001). Prevalence of depression was also higher among divorced (26.5%) and widowed (20%) compared to currently married subjects (15.4%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest population-based study from India to report on prevalence of depression and shows that among urban south Indians, the prevalence of depression was 15.1%. Age, female gender and lower socio-economic status are some of the factors associated with depression in this population

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Background: Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. // Methods: We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung's disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. // Findings: We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung's disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middle-income countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in low-income countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. // Interpretation: Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Evaluation of gamma irradiation and moringa leaf powder on quality characteristics of meat balls under different packaging materials

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of irradiation doses (0, 1.5, and 3 kGy) on the physicochemical and microbial qualities of meat balls with or without moringa leaf powder (MLP) and 14 days under refrigerated storage. The results indicated that irradiation and storage caused significant changes on physicochemical attributes of meatballs and the decreasing trend in stability was observed in meatballs stored under aerobic packaging. Highest pH and TVBN were observed in samples treated with 3 kGy at day 14 in aerobic packaging without MLP. The addition of MLP and higher doses of irradiation reduced the total aerobic bacteria and coliforms counts. Different treatments did not affect the sensory quality of chicken samples. Hence, it was concluded that irradiation dose at 1.5 kGy with the addition of MLP and vacuum packaging may enhanced the safety, quality as well as stability of chicken meat during storage intervals. Practical applications: The health benefits of meat and its products make them popular among the consumers. Hence, this study indicates the significance of irradiation (at low dose) in preserving the meat for long time without causing immense deteriorative changes in its quality. Moreover, the addition of moringa leaf powder (MLP) (a natural antioxidant) and type of packaging (vacuum packaging) plays a vital role in maintaining the shelf life and stabilizing the safety of meat without causing major changes in its physicochemical, functional, and sensory characteristics

Internal carotid artery dissection following chiropractic treatment in a pregnant woman with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>A case of internal carotid artery dissection in a pregnant woman with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) immediately following chiropractic treatment is presented. The literature regarding complications of neck manipulation during pregnancy, spontaneous dissection of craniocervical arteries in pregnancy and the postpartum period, and dissection of craniocervical arteries in SLE are reviewed. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first case of carotid artery dissection following chiropractic treatment in a pregnant woman published in the literature.</p