Radiographic closure time of appendicular growth plates in the Icelandic horse

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Icelandic horse is a pristine breed of horse which has a pure gene pool established more than a thousand years ago, and is approximately the same size as living and extinct wild breeds of horses. This study was performed to compare the length of the skeletal growth period of the "primitive" Icelandic horse relative to that reported for large horse breeds developed over the recent centuries. This information would provide practical guidance to owners and veterinarians as to when the skeleton is mature enough to commence training, and would be potentially interesting to those scientists investigating the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis. Interestingly, osteochondrosis has not been documented in the Icelandic horse.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The radiographic closure time of the appendicular growth plates was studied in 64 young Icelandic horses. The results were compared with previously published closure times reported for other, larger horse breeds. The radiographs were also examined for any signs of developmental orthopaedic diseases. In order to describe further the growth pattern of the Icelandic horse, the total serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was determined and the height at the withers was measured.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Most of the examined growth plates were fully closed at the age of approximately three years. The horses reached adult height at this age; however ALP activity was still mildly increased over baseline values. The growth plates in the digits were the first to close at 8.1 to 8.5 months of age, and those in the regions of the distal radius (27.4 to 32.0 months), tuber olecrani (31.5 to 32.2 months), and the stifle (27.0 to 40.1 months) were the last to close. No horse was found to have osteochondrosis type lesions in the neighbouring joints of the evaluated growth plates.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The Icelandic horse appears to have similar radiographic closure times for most of the growth plates of its limbs as reported for large new breeds of horses developed during the past few centuries. It thus appears that different breeding goals and the intensity of breeding have not altered the length of the growth period in horses. Instead, it can be assumed that the pristine and relatively small Icelandic horse has a slower rate of growth. The appendicular skeleton of Icelandic horses has completed its bone growth in length at approximately 3 years of age, and therefore may be able to enter training at this time.</p

Avaliação dos efeitos da terapia com prednisona em cães utilizando análises ultranossonográfica, citopatológica e histopatológica

Os glicocorticóides são muito utilizados para fins antiinflamatórios e imunossupressores, porém apresentam importantes efeitos colaterais no fígado. O exame ultrassonográfico é um método não-invasivo que avalia a anatomia intra-hepática e possibilita a caracterização de alterações no parênquima decorrentes dos efeitos indesejáveis dos glicocorticóides. O histograma é uma mensuração ultrassonográfica que minimiza a subjetividade do exame, permitindo uma avaliação quantitativa da ecotextura e da ecogenicidade do órgão. Exames citopatológicos e histopatológicos podem auxiliar no diagnóstico de lesões hepáticas induzidas por corticóides. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da terapia com prednisona no fígado de cães por meio de exames citopatológicos, histopatológicos e ultrassonográficos. Para isto, administrou-se em 11 cães adultos prednisona na dose de 2 mg/kg a cada 24 horas durante 14 dias, sendo feita análise ultrassonográfica pela técnica de histograma e coletadas amostras guiada por ultrassom para avaliação citopatológica e histopatológica no primeiro e último dia de administração do medicamento. A partir dessas mensurações pelo histograma, foi possível detectar um significativo aumento da ecogenicidade hepática ao final do protocolo experimental. As análises citopatológicas e histopatológicas demonstraram presença de vacuolização e granulação citoplasmática promovendo um aumento no tamanho dos hepatócitos. Verificou-se que mesmo em curtos períodos e em dosagens terapêuticas, a prednisona promove importantes efeitos colaterais sobre o parênquima hepático