Development of Cu-Modified PVC and PU for Catalytic Generation of Nitric Oxide

Nitric oxide (NO) generating surfaces are potentially promising for improving haemocompatibility of blood-contacting biomaterials. In the present report, Cu-modified poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polyurethane (PU) were prepared via polydopamine (pDA)-assisted chelation. The copper content on the PVC and PU modified surfaces, assessed by inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), were about 3.86 and 6.04 nmol·cm−2, respectively. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data suggest that copper is attached to the polymer surface through complex formation with pDA. The cumulative leaching of copper from modified PVC and PU during the five day incubation in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), was about 50.7 ppb and 48 ppb, respectively which is within its physiological level. Modified polymers were tested for their ability to catalytically generate NO by decomposing of endogenous S-nitrosothiol (GSNO). The obtained data show that Cu-modified PVC and PU exhibited the capacity to generate physiological levels of NO which could be a foundation for developing new biocompatible materials with NO-based therapeutics

Adsorption of Bovine Serum Albumin on Carbon-Based Materials

The protein adsorption plays a very important role in biotechnology, biomolecular engineering and it is one of the main factors determining bio- and hemocompatibility of biomedical materials in medical applications, such as blood purification and wound healing. Here we report adsorption properties of two carbon-based materials, thermally expanded graphite (EGr) and graphene nanoplatelets (GnP), for bovine serum albumin (BSA), the most abundant blood plasma protein. The influence of the surface chemistry of expanded graphite on the mechanism of BSA adsorption was studied by using EGr modified with oxygen or nitrogen functionalities. Having low microporosity and the specific surface area in the range of 5 to 50 m2/g, the expanded graphite exhibits high protein adsorption capacity at high equilibrium concentrations, which makes this material a potential candidate for biomedical applications as a carrier for high molecular weight (HMW) drug delivery or adsorption of HMW metabolites. At low equilibrium concentrations, the effect of specific protein-surface functional groups interaction reveals the differences between the adsorption affinity of different surface modified EGr materials to BSA. The adsorption of BSA on GnP with a specific surface area of 286 m2/g and a developed micro-/mesoporous structure did not follow the same mechanism as seen with EGr materials. At low equilibrium concentration of BSA, GnP exhibits high adsorption efficiency. An important finding is that no release of nanoparticles from expanded graphite adsorbents was observed, which makes them potentially suitable for direct contact with blood and other tissues while very small nanoparticles were noticed in the case of graphene nanoplatelets

A simple method for the production of large volume 3D macroporous hydrogels for advanced biotechnological, medical and environmental applications

The development of bulk, three-dimensional (3D), macroporous polymers with high permeability, large surface area and large volume is highly desirable for a range of applications in the biomedical, biotechnological and environmental areas. The experimental techniques currently used are limited to the production of small size and volume cryogel material. In this work we propose a novel, versatile, simple and reproducible method for the synthesis of large volume porous polymer hydrogels by cryogelation. By controlling the freezing process of the reagent/polymer solution, large-scale 3D macroporous gels with wide interconnected pores (up to 200??m in diameter) and large accessible surface area have been synthesized. For the first time, macroporous gels (of up to 400?ml bulk volume) with controlled porous structure were manufactured, with potential for scale up to much larger gel dimensions. This method can be used for production of novel 3D multi-component macroporous composite materials with a uniform distribution of embedded particles. The proposed method provides better control of freezing conditions and thus overcomes existing drawbacks limiting production of large gel-based devices and matrices. The proposed method could serve as a new design concept for functional 3D macroporous gels and composites preparation for biomedical, biotechnological and environmental applications

In situ production of high purity noble metal nanoparticles on fumed silica and catalytic activity towards 2-nitrophenol reduction

In-situ synthesis of chemically pure noble metal (Au, Pt, Pd, Ru) nanoparticles was performed via redox reaction under ambient conditions from aqueous noble metal salt solutions on non-porous fumed silica. Nanoparticles of average sizes Au > Ru > Pt

Properties of Water Bound in Hydrogels

In this review, the importance of water in hydrogel (HG) properties and structure is analyzed. A variety of methods such as 1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), XRD (X-ray powder diffraction), dielectric relaxation spectroscopy, thermally stimulated depolarization current, quasi-elastic neutron scattering, rheometry, diffusion, adsorption, infrared spectroscopy are used to study water in HG. The state of HG water is rather non-uniform. According to thermodynamic features of water in HG, some of it is non-freezing and strongly bound, another fraction is freezing and weakly bound, and the third fraction is non-bound, free water freezing at 0 °C. According to structural features of water in HG, it can be divided into two fractions with strongly associated and weakly associated waters. The properties of the water in HG depend also on the amounts and types of solutes, pH, salinity, structural features of HG functionalities

Bioinspired detoxification of blood: The efficient removal of anthrax toxin protective antigen using an extracorporeal macroporous adsorbent device

Whilst various remedial human monoclonal antibodies have been developed to treat the potentially life-threatening systemic complications associated with anthrax infection, an optimal and universally effective administration route has yet to be established. In the later stages of infection when antibody administration by injection is more likely to fail one possible route to improve outcome is via the use of an antibody-bound, adsorbent haemoperfusion device. We report here the development of an adsorbent macroporous polymer column containing immobilised B. anthracis exotoxin-specific antibodies, PANG (a non-glycosylated, version of a plant-produced human monoclonal antibody) and Valortim (a fully human monoclonal N-linked glycosylated antibody), for removal of anthrax protective antigen (PA) from freshly frozen human plasma and human whole blood. In addition, we have demonstrated that continuous extracorporeal blood recirculation through a Valortim-bound haemoperfusion column significantly reduced the blood plasma concentration of anthrax PA over 2 hours using an in vivo PA rat infusion model. This work provides proof-of-concept evidence to support the development of such alternative detoxification platforms

A Comprehensive Review of Topical Odor-Controlling Treatment Options for Chronic Wounds: A Comprehensive Review

The process of wound healing is often accompanied by bacterial infection or critical colonization, resulting in protracted inflammation, delayed reepithelization, and production of pungent odors. The malodor produced by these wounds may lower health-related quality of life and produce psychological discomfort and social isolation