Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km <sup>2</sup> resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km <sup>2</sup> pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3�6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55 of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017�and more than 80 in some low- and middle-income regions�was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing�and in some countries reversal�of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories. © 2019, The Author(s)

Dissipação do DDT - 14C em Solo sob Temperatura Controlada e sob Condições de Campo.

Estudou-se a dissipação do DD ' T- "C em solo por dois anos, no laboratório, sob temperatura ambiente e a 340Ç e em colunas de solo no campo. No laboratório, os frascos com solo também continham espuma na tampa, para coleta de substâncias voláteis. Metade do lote de frascos ficou sob temperatura ambiente, e a outra foi mantida a 340C No campo, estudou-se a mobilidade do DDT- "C em colunas de solo. Todas as amostras foram extraídas com metanol, e amostras de solo já extraído sofreram combustão. A quantificação do "C foi feita por contagem de cintilação em líquido. As recuperações do DDT-'4C após dois anos foram, aproximadamente, de 71% no laboratório sob temperatura ambiente, 68% a 340C, e coletou-se somente 1% como produtos voláteis. Porém, no campo, cerca de 30% do DDT aplicado dissiparam-se na primeira quinzena, provavelmente por volatilização. A seguir, a dissipação foi lenta e a atividade do radiocarbono declinou a 44% após 96 semanas. A meia-vida do DDT no campo foi, aproximadamente, de 1.000 dias, e o composto permaneceu praticamente imóvel, porque muito pouco foi detectado abaixo dos 10cm da superfície.Made available in DSpace on 2011-04-09T12:21:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pab14out91.pdf: 481001 bytes, checksum: 04e45806e39141ed804ad2cdaa953e94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-02-07199