DISEASE RESISTANCE IN BEANS

The inefficacy and cost of many of the chemical bean-disease control measures and the susceptibility of many of the important snap and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars to damaging diseases stimulated interest in the United States in the development of resistant bean cultivars through breeding. Early epidemics of bean diseases in certain sections of the country and the later discovery of physiological races or strains of many of the causal organisms proved the hopelessness of growing susceptible bean cultivars. None of the American bean cultivars used commercially before 1918 was disease resistant. The first disease-resistant cultivar, Robust, was developed by F. A. Spragg of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station in 1915 (117). A white, pea-bean type, it resisted the common bean mosaic virus. The next resistant cuitivar, Great North­ ern University of Idaho (VI) I, developed \u27in 1929 by Pierce and Hungerford of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, was resistant to the same virus and was a selection from the mosaic-susceptible common Great Northern. Wisconsin Refugee and Idaho Refugee introduced in 1934 were the first mosaic­ resistant snap bean cultivars developed by hybridization (95). These were followed by the release of United States (US) 5 Refugee in 1935 (124). About 35 disease­ resistant dry bean cultivars and 120 snap bean cultivars have been developed in the United States by seed companies, State Experiment Stations, and the US Depart­ment of Agriculture. The greatest progress in breeding for disease resistance in beans has probably been the development of common mosaic-resistant cultivars of both dry and snap bean types. Unless a newly released cultivar is resistant to the type strain of the virus and to a widespread variant strain, generally known as the New York 15 strain, it is not well accepted by growers, the seed trade, and the bean processing industry

DISEASE RESISTANCE IN BEANS

The inefficacy and cost of many of the chemical bean-disease control measures and the susceptibility of many of the important snap and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars to damaging diseases stimulated interest in the United States in the development of resistant bean cultivars through breeding. Early epidemics of bean diseases in certain sections of the country and the later discovery of physiological races or strains of many of the causal organisms proved the hopelessness of growing susceptible bean cultivars. None of the American bean cultivars used commercially before 1918 was disease resistant. The first disease-resistant cultivar, Robust, was developed by F. A. Spragg of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station in 1915 (117). A white, pea-bean type, it resisted the common bean mosaic virus. The next resistant cuitivar, Great North­ ern University of Idaho (VI) I, developed \u27in 1929 by Pierce and Hungerford of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, was resistant to the same virus and was a selection from the mosaic-susceptible common Great Northern. Wisconsin Refugee and Idaho Refugee introduced in 1934 were the first mosaic­ resistant snap bean cultivars developed by hybridization (95). These were followed by the release of United States (US) 5 Refugee in 1935 (124). About 35 disease­ resistant dry bean cultivars and 120 snap bean cultivars have been developed in the United States by seed companies, State Experiment Stations, and the US Depart­ment of Agriculture. The greatest progress in breeding for disease resistance in beans has probably been the development of common mosaic-resistant cultivars of both dry and snap bean types. Unless a newly released cultivar is resistant to the type strain of the virus and to a widespread variant strain, generally known as the New York 15 strain, it is not well accepted by growers, the seed trade, and the bean processing industry

Metrology for long distance surveying – a joint attempt to improve traceabili - ty of long distance measurements

A number of applications, e.g., the estab ~ ishment of local ties at geodetic fundamental stations, but also the maintenance of surveillance networks require distance measurements over hundred metres or more with uncertainties at the millimetre level or even below. However, based on the current state of technology and understanding of perturbing influences, a measurement traceable to the Sl definition of the metere with such uncertainties is extremely challenging or even impossible. The accuracy of electrooptic distance metres (EDMs) on one hand is primarily limited by the imperfect knowledge of the index of refraction of air, the measurement uncertainty of distance measurements based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is even more difficult to quantify. In a joint research projects of 12 European institutions, scientists from national metrology institutes have united with partners from geodesy to develop novel technological and methodical solutions to understand, to quantify better, and to reduce the uncertainty of this kind of measurements, in particular fostering traceability to the Sl unit metre. In case of optical distance metrology, refractivity-compensated primary and transfer standards will be developed and applied to reference baselines in Europe. Furthermore, completely novel approaches based on femtosecond laser sources will be explored and set up. In case of GNSS-based distance metrology, a systematic investigation of sources of uncertainty will performed, leading to a sound uncertainty budget. Two different near real-time 3D monitoring systems will be developed and compared at geodetic fundamental stations. The contribution wants to present the concept and the scientific and technological ideas of the project which starts on July 1st 2013, inviting the geodetic community to provide guidance and feedback