EFFECT OF CASEIN PHOSPHO PEPTIDE-AMORPHOUS CALCIUM FLUOR PHOSPHATE FOR INHIBITING STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS GROWTH IN YOUNG ADULT PATIENTS: EFEK CASEIN PHOSPO PEPTIDE-AMORPHOUS CALCIUM FLUOR PHOSPHATE UNTUK MENGHAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN STREPTOKOKUS MUTANS PADA PASIEN DEWASA MUDA

Streptococcus mutans is a major caries-causing bacteria, which can aggregate to form plaques. Nowadays, caries prevention approach in the cellular level can be done through molecular technology by using anti-bacterial, antibodies or addition of remineralization agent such as Casein Phospho Peptide-Amorphous Calcium Fluor Phosphate (CPP-ACFP) as an inhibitor of biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of CPPACFP as an inhibitor to the growth of S. mutans, when used in low and moderate caries risk patient. The CPP-ACFP paste was applicated to patients for 60 days. Any caries inhibitory effects were evaluated as the difference of S.mutans count which was analyzed by S. mutans strip count (GC Corp) and colony count was performed with a bacterial culture. The result showed that there was no significant difference between before and after using CPP-ACFP in colony counting by S.mutans stripcount (GC Corp), pH, and buffer capacity from saliva.In conclusion, there was no effect after using CPP-ACFP since user didn’t use it regularly. To expect better result in using CPP-ACFP preventive treatment, we should improve patient’s compliance

EFFECTS OF A 980-NM DIODE LASER'S ACTIVATION OF 2.5% NAOCL AND 2% CHLORHEXIDINE ANTIFUNGAL IRRIGATION SOLUTIONS ON CANDIDA ALBICANS BIOFILMS

Objective: Candida albicans is the most frequently found fungi in persistent root canal infections; it can form a biofilm and penetrate into dentinal tubules. Endodontic irrigants, such as 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), have antifungal properties, but limited penetration into dentinal tubules, which somewhat protects the C. albicans fungi. The use of a diode laser is an innovative approach in root canal treatments because it is able to penetrate deeper into the dentinal tubules. This study examined the effect of a 980-nm diode laser on the antifungal properties of 2.5% NaOCl and 2% CHX on C. albicans biofilms.Methods: The number of C. albicans colonies in the biofilms was recorded after irrigation using 2.5% NaOCl and 2% CHX. Then, the biofilms were radiated using a 980-nm diode laser.Results: Showed statistically significant differences between the use of the irrigants only and the use of the irrigants plus the diode laser treatment in the reduction of the C. albicans colonies in the biofilm.Conclusion: Diode laser is able to activate the antifungal properties of the 2.5% NaOCl and 2% CHX endodontic irrigants

ANTIFUNGAL EFFECTS OF ALOE VERA IRRIGANT ON CANDIDA ALBICANS BIOFILM

Objective: Candida albicans tolerates unfavorable environmental conditions by forming biofilms, which can cause problems following endodontictreatments. C. albicans is the most common fungus found in failed root canals. Using natural irrigants with good antifungal properties for use assynthetic irrigant alternatives during root canal cleaning and shaping is very important. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Aloe vera onC. albicans biofilm.Methods: C. albicans biofilm was divided into the following five groups: Group I, no treatment (control group); Groups II, III, and IV, A. vera with aconcentration of 100%, 75%, and 50%, respectively; and Group V, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 17%.Results: The average biofilm colony count for C. albicans for the A. vera 100%, 75%, and 50% groups was higher than that for the EDTA 17% groupbut lower than that for the control group.Conclusion: A. vera has antifungal effects on C. albicans biofilm, with the greatest effect occurring at 75% concentration

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MINERAL TRIOXIDE AGGREGATE AND CALCIUM HYDROXIDE SEALER ON ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS STRAIN ATCC29212

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)sealers on Enterococcus faecalis at various time points after the preparation of the sealer.Methods: Antimicrobial activity of MTA and Ca(OH)2 sealer on E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) was assessed by the direct contact test immediately, 1 day,and 7 days after the preparation of the sealer.Results: The antimicrobial effect of MTA sealer was greatest 1 and 7 days after the preparation of the sealer. The effect of Ca(OH)2 was greatest 1 dayafter the preparation of the sealer.Conclusion: MTA sealer showed constant antimicrobial activity on E. faecalis overtime. By contrast, Ca(OH)2 sealer showed decreasing antimicrobialactivity overtime, with the greatest antimicrobial activity being 1 day after the preparation of the sealer

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF 6% GREEN TEA EXTRACT AND 2% CHLORHEXIDINE AGAINST ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS BIOFILM IN VITRO

Objective: This study aimed to compare the antibacterial efficacy of green tea extract to chlorhexidine 2% against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm usingreal-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Methods: E. faecalis strain ATCC 29212 colonies were collected from overnight cultures grown on brain–heart infusion agar (BHIA) and resuspendedat 108 CFU/ml according to a 0.5 McFarland standard. Aliquots of bacterial suspension (50 μl) were then inoculated onto sterile nitrocellulose filterdiscs place on BHIA and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 72 h. After incubation, the discs were removed, transferred into 10-ml phosphate-bufferedsaline (PBS) to loosen planktonic bacteria, and then incubated for 10 min at 37°C in 10 ml of 6% green tea extract, 2% chlorhexidine, or sterile PBS(control). Surviving E. faecalis cells were then quantified by RT-PCR.Results: Green tea extract reduced bacterial survival compared to control but was not as effective as chlorhexidine 2%.Conclusion: Green tea extract may help reduce oral E. faecalis biofilm. Moreover, specific antimicrobial compounds in green tea extract such asepigallocatechin-3-gallate should be tested as non-toxic alternatives to chlorhexidine

EFFECTS OF POLYASPARTIC ACID ON REMINERALIZATION OF INTRAFIBRILLAR DENTIN AND SIZE OF HYDROXYAPATITE CRYSTALS

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the intrafibrillar remineralization process and the size of hydroxyapatite crystals formed.Methods: The samples were divided into four groups. The control group was immersed in a demineralization solution, whereas the remaining threetreatment groups were immersed in a remineralization solution containing polyaspartic acid for 3, 7, or 14 days. The effect of polyaspartic acid onintrafibrillar remineralization during the polymer-induced liquid-precursor (PILP) process was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy,and the size of hydroxyapatite crystals was examined through X-ray diffraction.Results: Significant differences were detected in the intrafibrillar remineralization between the treatment groups (subjected to remineralization for3, 7, and 14 days) and the demineralized dentin control group. However, no significant differences were detected in the size of hydroxyapatite crystalsbetween the control and the treatment groups.Conclusion: Our data suggest that polyaspartic acid enables intrafibrillar remineralization during the PILP process

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF XANTHORRHIZOL (CURCUMA XANTHORRHIZA ROXB.) AGAINST THE BIOFILM OF FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM

Objective: Endodontic infections are treated with a root canal; one of the stages involves using an irrigation solution to eliminate microorganisms.Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is an irrigation solution used to eliminate Fusobacterium nucleatum, the common cause of primary endodonticinfections. However, this material is synthetic and can cause side effects and inflammation of the periapical tissues. Thus, an irrigation solution, suchas xanthorrhizol, which is made of natural ingredients, is required. However, xanthorrhizol’s antibacterial effect against F. nucleatum has never beenassessed. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the effect of xanthorrhizol, derived from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., against F. nucleatum ATCC 25586biofilm.Methods: The methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay test and colony count test were performed to assess F. nucleatum eradication after exposure toxanthorrhizol at various concentrations (0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5%) and 2.5% NaOCl, which was used as positive control.Results: Significant differences were observed in terms of cell viability after treatment with xanthorrhizol at concentrations of 1.25% versus 0.5%,0.75%, and 1%. The MTT assay test was used to evaluate cell viability in the biofilm and cell metabolism activities. Results showed no significantdifferences in terms of efficacy between xanthorrhizol at concentrations of 1.25% and 1.5%, which are considered effective against F. nucleatum, and2.5% NaOCl (p>0.05).Conclusion: The effect of xanthorrhizol at concentrations of 1.25% and 1.5% against F. nucleatum is similar to that of 2.5% NaOCl

DIFFERENCES IN THE POTENTIAL MUTAGENICITY OF RESIN-, SILICONE-, AND BIOCERAMIC-BASED SEALERS ON LYMPHOCYTES: A PROTEIN EXPRESSION ANALYSIS

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the potential mutagenicity of resin-, silicone-, and bioceramic-based sealers on proteinexpression in human lymphocytes. There has been limited research on resin-, silicone-, and bioceramic-based sealers effects on protein expressionin lymphocytes.Methods: Nine samples of each sealer were incubated in 2 mL human blood for 1, 3, and 7 days. Then, the isolated lymphocytes are observed forprotein separation by electrophoresis method. Profile of protein bands observed and data were analyzed statistically by Kruskal–Wallis and post hocMann–Whitney.Results: Although no statistically significant differences in protein bands were observed among the resin-, silicone-, and bioceramic-based sealers(p=0.111), there was a statistically significant difference between the resin- and silicone-based sealers on the 1st day (p=0.046) and 3rd day (p=0.046)and between the silicone- and bioceramic-based sealers on the 1st day (p=0.046). Thus, the present study shows that there were differences in thepotential mutagenicity on the 1st day; resin was potentially more mutagenic followed by bioceramic and silicone. On the 3rd and 7th days, bioceramicwas potentially more mutagenic followed by resin and silicone.Conclusion: The manuscript describes the study in detail and concludes that resin was potentially more mutagenic followed by bioceramic- andsilicone-based sealers

THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF A DIODE LASER USED AS AN ADJUNCT IRRIGANT ON CLINICAL ISOLATE OF ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS BIOFILM (IN VITRO)

Objective: The elimination of bacteria from the root canal has always been a problem in root canal management, and Enterococcus faecalis often found in the persistent intraradicular infections that occur after poor or unsuccessful endodontic treatments. The use of an irrigant with a diode laser adjunct eliminates this bacteria. To analyze and compare the effectiveness of a diode laser, chlorhexidine 2%, and natrium hypochlorite 2.5% on a clinical isolate of E. faecalis biofilms.Methods: Using E. faecalis biofilms from clinical isolate were grown on microtiter well plate, incubated for 24 h and subjected to the following treatments: Natrium hypochlorite 2.5% (5 s), chlorhexidine 2% (5 s), natrium chloride 0.9% (5 s), and the irrigants with additional diode laser irradiation (980 nm, 15 Hz, 1.5 W, 3.5 J, 5 s). The antibacterial effects of the irrigants and diode laser were scored using colony form units (CFU).Results: The clinical isolate colony of E. faecalis that was exposed to a saline solution and diode laser application had the highest score (18700 CFU/ml), while the lowest score (80,00 CFU/ml) was recorded in the group that was exposed to a chlorhexidine 2% irrigant with additional diode laser application.Conclusion: The diode laser had an antibacterial effect on a clinical isolate of E. faecalis biofilm, and this effect was increased when it was used in addition to the application of chlorhexidine 2% and natrium hypochlorite 2.5% irrigants

INFLUENCE OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT SOLUTION ON MICROLEAKAGE BETWEEN COMPOSITE RESIN AND DENTIN

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of grape seed extract (GSE) solution as dentin biomodification on microleakagebetween composite resin and dentin.Methods: A total of 52 dentin specimens were divided into two groups. Group 1 involved the application of GSE solution for 30 seconds after etching.Group 2 served as the control group.Results: The GSE solution group significantly increases microleakage between the composite resin and dentin compared to the control group.Conclusions: The application of GSE solution after etching can increase microleakage between composite resin and dentin