Kosova'daki Küçük Ruminant Lentivirus (SRLV) Enfeksiyonlarının Sero-prevalansının Araştırması

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The results of testing the quantity of somatic cells in milk as raw materials in some of the milk producers in the region of Prishtina

The amount of somatic cells decreases the quality of milk and have an economic impact because in Kosovo the price of milk depends on the amount of somatic cells. The study was conducted on dairy farms in Prishtina region in period of the 6 months of 2019, including 1525 samples of fresh milk from average 254 farms per month. Detection of somatic cells was performed by Fossomatic ™ Minor, which works according to the Flouro Optico Electronic Method. From the analyzes obtained, the amount of somatic cells in milk samples categorized in the extra and first category was 54% while in the second and third category it was 46%. Reduction of extra category samples from 53.60% to 38.38% during June and reduction of third category from 50.15% to 36.8% in January indicates the influence temperature on the development of microorganisms in mammary gland and increasing the amount of somatic cells

The results of testing the presence of antibiotics (beta-lactams) in fresh milk as raw materials in some dairy farms in Kosovo

Milk, in addition to providing chemical, physical, organoleptic and microbiological quality, must be free of prohibited substances, including antibiotics. The study was conducted on several Kosovo farms, including 36 fresh milk samples for the purpose of investigating the presence of Beta-lactams, specifically Ampicillin in milk. The presence of Beta-lactam (Ampicillin) was determined in the laboratory of the Food and Veterinary Agency using the ELISA Test Kit. Analysis of 36 milk samples showed that 31 samples or 86% had no presence of Ampicillin while 5 samples or 14% resulted in presence of Ampicillin. Although 14% of the samples proved positive, however, the ampicillin levels were not higher than 4 ug / kg which represents the maximum level permitted, which indicates that although samples that resulted positive in the presence of ampicillin, however their amount was within the allowed legal norms that regulate this issue. Abstract. Milk, in addition to providing chemical, physical, organoleptic an

Emergence and Persistent Circulation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N8) in Kosovo, May 2021–May 2022

In this study, we report the first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A H5N8, clade 2.3.4.4b in Kosovo on 19 May 2021. The outbreak consisted of three phases: May–June 2021, September–November 2021, and January–May 2022. In total, 32 backyards and 10 commercial holdings tested positive for the virus. Interestingly, the third and last phase of the outbreak coincided with the massive H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b epidemic in Europe. Phylogenetic analyses of 28 viral strains from Kosovo revealed that they were closely related to the H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4.b viruses that had been circulating in Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, and Russia in early 2021. Whole genome sequencing of the 25 and partial sequencing of three H5N8 viruses from Kosovo showed high nucleotide identity, forming a distinctive cluster and suggesting a single introduction. The results of the network analysis were in accordance with the three epidemic waves and suggested that the viral diffusion could have been caused by secondary spreads among farms and/or different introductions of the same virus from wild birds. The persistent circulation of the same virus over a one-year period highlights the potential risk of the virus becoming endemic, especially in settings with non-adequate biosecurity