Greenhouse gas emission associated with sugar production in southern Brazil

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Since sugarcane areas have increased rapidly in Brazil, the contribution of the sugarcane production, and, especially, of the sugarcane harvest system to the greenhouse gas emissions of the country is an issue of national concern. Here we analyze some data characterizing various activities of two sugarcane mills during the harvest period of 2006-2007 and quantify the carbon footprint of sugar production.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>According to our calculations, 241 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent were released to the atmosphere per a ton of sugar produced (2406 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent per a hectare of the cropped area, and 26.5 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent per a ton of sugarcane processed). The major part of the total emission (44%) resulted from residues burning; about 20% resulted from the use of synthetic fertilizers, and about 18% from fossil fuel combustion.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results of this study suggest that the most important reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from sugarcane areas could be achieved by switching to a green harvest system, that is, to harvesting without burning.</p

Energy Efficiency Analysis: Biomass-to-Wheel Efficiency Related with Biofuels Production, Fuel Distribution, and Powertrain Systems

BACKGROUND: Energy efficiency analysis for different biomass-utilization scenarios would help make more informed decisions for developing future biomass-based transportation systems. Diverse biofuels produced from biomass include cellulosic ethanol, butanol, fatty acid ethyl esters, methane, hydrogen, methanol, dimethyether, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, and bioelectricity; the respective powertrain systems include internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles based on gasoline or diesel ICEs, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, sugar fuel cell vehicles (SFCV), and battery electric vehicles (BEV). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted a simple, straightforward, and transparent biomass-to-wheel (BTW) analysis including three separate conversion elements--biomass-to-fuel conversion, fuel transport and distribution, and respective powertrain systems. BTW efficiency is a ratio of the kinetic energy of an automobile's wheels to the chemical energy of delivered biomass just before entering biorefineries. Up to 13 scenarios were analyzed and compared to a base line case--corn ethanol/ICE. This analysis suggests that BEV, whose electricity is generated from stationary fuel cells, and SFCV, based on a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle with an on-board sugar-to-hydrogen bioreformer, would have the highest BTW efficiencies, nearly four times that of ethanol-ICE. SIGNIFICANCE: In the long term, a small fraction of the annual US biomass (e.g., 7.1%, or 700 million tons of biomass) would be sufficient to meet 100% of light-duty passenger vehicle fuel needs (i.e., 150 billion gallons of gasoline/ethanol per year), through up to four-fold enhanced BTW efficiencies by using SFCV or BEV. SFCV would have several advantages over BEV: much higher energy storage densities, faster refilling rates, better safety, and less environmental burdens

The epidemiologic profile and prevalence of cardiopathy in Trypanosoma cruzi infected blood donor candidates, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil Perfil epidemiológico e prevalência de cardiopatia em candidatos a doador de sangue infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil

To describe the epidemiologic profile and prevalence of cardiopathy in 163 Trypanosoma cruzi serum positive blood donor candidates, a descriptive study was carried out between August, 1996 and November, 1997 at the Londrina State University Chagas Disease Outpatient Clinic. The profile found was: young, average age 42.95 &plusmn; 8.62 years; male (65%); Caucasian (84%); low level of schooling; low family income; agricultural worker (26%); born in the state of Paraná (67%); from rural areas (85%); migrated to the city (85%); and the vector as the main mechanism of transmission. During the clinical characterization a chronic cardiac form was found in 38% of the patients and classified as cardiac suggestive form in 21% and little suggestive of Chagas disease in 17%. No significant difference was found among age group distribution, sex and the presence of cardiac symptoms in patients with or without cardiopathy. This study emphasizes the importance of expanding medical services to areas with a greater prevalence of infected individuals, in a hierarchical manner and aiming at decentralization.<br>Objetivando-se traçar o perfil epidemiológico e a prevalência de cardiopatia, realizou-se estudo descritivo em 163 candidatos a doador de sangue infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi, atendidos no período de agosto de 1996 a novembro de 1997 no ambulatório de doença de Chagas do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. O perfil epidemiológico foi de paciente jovem, média de idade de 42,95 &plusmn; 8,62 anos, sexo masculino (65%), raça branca (84%), baixa escolaridade, baixa renda familiar, agricultor (26%), natural do estado do Paraná (67%), de zona rural (85%), residindo atualmente em zona urbana (85%), sendo o vetorial o principal mecanismo de transmissão. A forma crônica cardíaca, encontrada em 38% foi classificada em forma cardíaca sugestiva de doença de Chagas em 21% e pouco sugestiva em 17% dos pacientes. Não houve diferença significativa na distribuição da faixa etária, sexo e presença de sintomas cardíacos em relação aos pacientes com ou sem cardiopatia. O estudo ressalta a importância da expansão de serviços de atendimento em regiões de maior ocorrência de indivíduos infectados e manutenção de serviços de referência, para oferecer atendimento de forma descentralizada e hierarquizada

Social representations of the Brazilian national health care system in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, according to the structural approach Representaciones sociales del sistema único de salud en el municipio de Río de Janero, Brasil, según el enfoque estructural As representações sociais do sistema único de saúde no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, segundo a abordagem estrutural

The Brazilian National Health Care System The Single Health System (SHS) [SUS-Sistema Único de Saúde] faces difficulties for its effective implementation. This paper aims to characterize the contents and the social representation structure of the Brazilian health care system among health care professionals in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The concept of social memory and the theory of social representation were adopted as frameworks. Five health care institutions were included in this research, with 100 professionals altogether. The free-association technique was used to collect data and the EVOC 2003 software was used analyzed for data analysis. The results signal to a central nucleus, characterized by negative attitudes regarding the SUS. In the contrast area, there is a negative attitude towards the effectiveness of the system and a positive attitude towards the care provided to service users, also showing other principles. At its periphery, the implementation of new opinions about the representation could be observed. It is concluded that the professionals present social representations that recognize the SUS as a new system, eliciting negative attitudes among the professionals, and that is in a process of formation or progressive transformation, raising judgments about the pertinence of the system's principles.<br>El sistema único de salud (SUS) enfrenta dificultades para una efectiva implementación. Este estudio tiene por objetivo caracterizar los contenidos y la estructura de las representaciones profesionales sobre la implementación del SUS en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Fueron adoptadas como guías la Teoría de Representación y Memoria Social, desarrolladas en cinco instituciones con cien profesionales. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de narraciones espontáneas y posteriormente analizados por el software EVOC2000. Los resultados muestran un núcleo central que se caracterizan por actitudes negativas frente al SUS. En el área de contraste se observa una actitud negativa que se refiere a la funcionalidad y una positiva, relacionada a la atención de los usuarios. En las zonas periféricas de la ciudad fue observada la incorporación de nuevos posicionamientos frente a la representación. Se concluye que en los profesionales se observan representaciones sociales que reconocen al SUS como un nuevo sistema. Sin embargo, esta incorporación no se da de forma natural, generando críticas sobre la importancia de los principios del sistema.<br>O Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) enfrenta dificuldades para a sua efetiva implementação. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar os conteúdos e a estrutura das representações dos profissionais acerca da implantação do SUS no município do Rio de Janeiro. Adotou-se como eixos orientadores a Teoria de Representação e de Memória Social, sendo desenvolvido em 5 instituições de saúde, com 100 profissionais. Os dados foram coletados através de evocações livres e analisados pelo software EVOC 2000. Os resultados revelam um núcleo central caracterizado por atitudes negativas frente ao SUS. Na zona de contraste, observa-se atitude negativa referida à funcionalidade e positiva relativa ao atendimento dos usuários. Na periferia, percebe-se a incorporação de novos posicionamentos à representação. Conclui-se que os profissionais apresentam representações sociais que reconhecem o SUS como um novo sistema. No entanto, essa incorporação não vem ocorrendo de forma naturalizada, mas desperta julgamentos sobre a pertinência dos princípios do sistema

Oregano production under various water depths estimated by means of the class A pan evaporation Produção de orégano com diferentes lâminas de irrigação estimadas a partir da evaporação do tanque classe A

The purpose of this experiment was to analyze the effect of five irrigation water depths on oregano production. Oregano is a plant rich in essential oil, commonly used as seasoning in food preparation. The water depths were estimated based on the class A pan evaporation (CPE): 0 CPE (without water replacement); 25 CPE, 50 CPE, 75 CPE, and 100% CPE. The analyzed variables were fresh and dry weight of leaves and roots, yield, net return, and water use efficiency. The experiment was carried out in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo State, Brazil, from February to May 2006. The best results for all the studied variables were found when 100% CPE was used. A linear positive relation was observed between water increments and fresh and dry weight of both the aboveground part and roots. The use of a water depth corresponding to 100% CPE resulted in the maximum productivity (8,089.7 kg ha-1), and in the highest net annual return (R$57,637.87 ha-1).<br>Foi analisado o efeito de cinco lâminas de irrigação na produção do orégano, planta rica em óleo essencial, muito usada como tempero na preparação de alimentos. As lâminas de água foram baseadas na evaporação do tanque classe A (ECA) sendo: 0 ECA (sem reposição de água); 25 ECA; 50 ECA; 75 ECA e 100$ 57.637,87 ha-1)