Teaching Ethics in Public Administration.

James, Christine (2016). Teaching Ethics in Public Administration. Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration Public Policy, and Governance. 1 electronic record (PDF).The teaching of ethics in public administration is afield that has grown considerably over the last 40 years. This is because of concerns within educational institutions that offer the Masters in Public Administration (MPA) and Doctor of PublicAdministration (DPA) graduate degrees, as well as the belief that citizens beyond the profession hold that public administrators must be account-able, must act in ways that are transparent and public, and must keep to a high standard of ethical behavior. To this end, professional organizations like the National Association of Schools of Public. Affairs and Administration (NASPAA) have asserted the importance of ethics in the pedagogical structures of MPA, DPA, and PhD programs,and a large number of philosophy and political science departments offer undergraduate applied ethics courses on Ethics in Public Administration and Ethics in Public Policy. There are a variety of specific areas to consider: the student audience,the ethical theories and values that are included,and the case studies or dilemmas that students use to practice their decision-making methods and keeping the course relevant and current to the professional life of public administrators currently working in the field. Courses in ethics in public administration are frequently the first step to a broader sense of professionalization for the student, as well as an opportunity to address a deeper set of values and concerns beyond administrative or bureaucratic procedures

An analysis of ophthalmology services in Finland - has the time come for a Public-Private Partnership?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We studied the prerequisites for Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in the context of the Finnish health care system and more specifically in the field of ophthalmology. PPP can be defined as a more or less permanent cooperation between public and private actors, through which the joint products or services are developed and in which the risks, costs and profits are shared.</p> <p>The Finnish eye care services system is heterogeneous with several different providers and can be regarded as sub-optimal in terms of overall resource use. What is more, the public sector is suffering from a shortage of ophthalmologists, which further decreases its possibilities to meet the present needs. As ophthalmology has traditionally been a medical specialty with a substantial private sector involvement in service provision, PPP could be a feasible policy to be used in the field. We thus ask the following research question: Is there, and to what extent, an open window of opportunity for PPP?</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In addition to the previously published literature, the research data consisted of 17 thematic interviews with public and private experts in the field of ophthalmology. The analysis was conducted in two stages. First, a literature-based content analysis was used to explore the prerequisites for PPP. Second, Kingdon's (1995) multiple streams theory was used to study the opening of the window of opportunity for PPP.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Public and private parties reported similar problems in the current situation but defined them differently. Also, there is no consensus on policy alternatives. Public opinion seems to be somewhat uncertain as to the attitudes towards private service providers. The analysis thus showed that although there are prerequisites for PPP, the time has not yet come for a Public-Private Partnership.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Should the window open fully, the emergence of policy entrepreneurs and an opportunity for a win-win situation between public and private organizations are required.</p