Survival of sterile male Mediterranean fruit flies in large field cages after release at different ages.

In Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) sterile insect technique (SIT) programs worldwide, sterile flies are usually released at 2?3 days of age. However, they usually do not reach full sexual maturity until ca. 5 days of age. We tested whether holding sterile males longer at a fly emergence and release facility, until they were 5 days old, might result in significantly more flies surviving to reach sexual maturity in the field. In large field cages in Hawaii, we released sterile Mediterranean fruit fly males 2 or 5 days old under conditions where food and water were provided, or not provided. Flies were released 2 days after peak emergence in one field cage, while they were released 5 days after peak emergence in a second field cage. The numbers of flies flying out and remaining (dead, dying or non-flying) in the holding boxes were recorded on the day of fly release. At 5 and 8 days of fly age, the size of the male fly populations were estimated using trimedlure-baited traps placed into each of the two field cages for a 30-min period when the numbers of flies trapped were compared. Following six tests (three replications each with and without water and sugar provided), the differences in fly captures (i.e. survival) between 2 days vs. 5 days old releases were highly significant. With food and water provided, several times as many flies from the 5-day-old release field cage were captured at 5 and 8 days of age compared to the 2-day-old release field cage. These differences were magnified under conditions of no food and water provided. Holding Mediterranean fruit flies longer prior to release, requires more holding space and food, but will lead to significantly greater numbers of sexually mature flies in the field.Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-10T22:20:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Beatriz3.pdf: 169341 bytes, checksum: 651b7ba28d01aa6ccf69f4ba13f9eff9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-292013Supplement 1

Survival of sterile male Mediterranean fruit flies in large field cages after release at different ages.

In Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) sterile insect technique (SIT) programs worldwide, sterile flies are usually released at 2?3 days of age. However, they usually do not reach full sexual maturity until ca. 5 days of age. We tested whether holding sterile males longer at a fly emergence and release facility, until they were 5 days old, might result in significantly more flies surviving to reach sexual maturity in the field. In large field cages in Hawaii, we released sterile Mediterranean fruit fly males 2 or 5 days old under conditions where food and water were provided, or not provided. Flies were released 2 days after peak emergence in one field cage, while they were released 5 days after peak emergence in a second field cage. The numbers of flies flying out and remaining (dead, dying or non-flying) in the holding boxes were recorded on the day of fly release. At 5 and 8 days of fly age, the size of the male fly populations were estimated using trimedlure-baited traps placed into each of the two field cages for a 30-min period when the numbers of flies trapped were compared. Following six tests (three replications each with and without water and sugar provided), the differences in fly captures (i.e. survival) between 2 days vs. 5 days old releases were highly significant. With food and water provided, several times as many flies from the 5-day-old release field cage were captured at 5 and 8 days of age compared to the 2-day-old release field cage. These differences were magnified under conditions of no food and water provided. Holding Mediterranean fruit flies longer prior to release, requires more holding space and food, but will lead to significantly greater numbers of sexually mature flies in the field.Supplement 1

Genetic pleiotropy between multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder: differential involvement of immune-related gene loci

Converging evidence implicates immune abnormalities in schizophrenia (SCZ), and recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified immune-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with SCZ. Using the conditional false discovery rate (FDR) approach, we evaluated pleiotropy in SNPs associated with SCZ (n=21\u2009856) and multiple sclerosis (MS) (n=43\u2009879), an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Because SCZ and bipolar disorder (BD) show substantial clinical and genetic overlap, we also investigated pleiotropy between BD (n=16\u2009731) and MS. We found significant genetic overlap between SCZ and MS and identified 21 independent loci associated with SCZ, conditioned on association with MS. This enrichment was driven by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Importantly, we detected the involvement of the same human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles in both SCZ and MS, but with an opposite directionality of effect of associated HLA alleles (that is, MS risk alleles were associated with decreased SCZ risk). In contrast, we found no genetic overlap between BD and MS. Considered together, our findings demonstrate genetic pleiotropy between SCZ and MS and suggest that the MHC signals may differentiate SCZ from BD susceptibility