20 research outputs found

    One thousand DNA barcodes of piranhas and pacus reveal geographic structure and unrecognised diversity in the Amazon

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    Piranhas and pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) are a charismatic but understudied family of Neotropical fishes. Here, we analyse a DNA barcode dataset comprising 1,122 specimens, 69 species, 16 genera, 208 localities, and 34 major river drainages in order to make an inventory of diversity and to highlight taxa and biogeographic areas worthy of further sampling effort and conservation protection. Using four methods of species discovery - incorporating both tree and distance based techniques - we report between 76 and 99 species-like clusters, i.e. between 20% and 33% of a priori identified taxonomic species were represented by more than one mtDNA lineage. There was a high degree of congruence between clusters, with 60% supported by three or four methods. Pacus of the genus Myloplus exhibited the most intraspecific variation, with six of the 13 species sampled found to have multiple lineages. Conversely, piranhas of the Serrasalmus rhombeus group proved difficult to delimit with these methods due to genetic similarity and polyphyly. Overall, our results recognise substantially underestimated diversity in the serrasalmids, and emphasise the Guiana and Brazilian Shield rivers as biogeographically important areas with multiple cases of across-shield and within-shield diversifications. We additionally highlight the distinctiveness and complex phylogeographic history of rheophilic taxa in particular, and suggest multiple colonisations of these habitats by different serrasalmid lineages. © 2018 The Author(s)

    Inserção do nutricionista na equipe de atendimento ao paciente em reabilitação física e funcional Insertion of a nutritionist in a team that attends patients requiring physical and functional rehabilitation

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    OBJETIVO: Compreender os motivos e o modo como se deu a entrada do nutricionista na equipe do Centro de Reabilitação CREAB, localizado em Belo Horizonte, MG. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, que tem como desenho o estudo de caso. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio da combinação de instrumentos, como a observação participante, o levantamento de documentos institucionais e o relato oral de profissionais que compõem a equipe. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se que os profissionais desse centro acreditam que a assistência nutricional adequada pode prevenir ou limitar as complicações advindas das doenças músculo-esqueléticas, aliviar o desconforto dos pacientes e auxiliar no tratamento de reabilitação. CONCLUSÃO: A prática do nutricionista dentro dessa equipe abriu e consolidou um espaço para essa categoria profissional, não só na própria unidade, como em outros centros de reabilitação.<br>OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the inquiry was to understand the motives and the way in which a nutritionist entered the team working in the Centro de Reabilitação CREAB in Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: The inquiry presents qualitative research based on a case study. The research was carried out using a combination of instruments such as: participative observation, a survey of institutional data and reports by professionals working in the team. RESULTS: According to the professionals from Centro de Reabilitação CREAB, adequate nutritional assistance can prevent or limit complications arising from musculoskeletal diseases, relieve the discomfort of patients and show a positive effect on their rehabilitation treatment. CONCLUSION: The nutritionist working in this group initiated and consolidated the possibility of a professional from this category working not only in this particular rehabilitation centre, but also in other rehabilitation centres

    Avaliação dos resultados da atenção multiprofissional sobre o controle glicêmico, perfil lipídico e estado nutricional de diabéticos atendidos em nível primário Evaluating the results of multiprofessional health care on the glucemic control, lipid profile, and nutritional status of diabetic patients assisted at primary level

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    OBJETIVO: Avaliar o resultado da intervenção multiprofissional sobre o controle glicêmico, o perfil lipídico e o estado nutricional de diabéticos atendidos em nível primário em Belo Horizonte, MG. MÉTODOS: Analisaram-se a glicemia, o índice de massa corporal e o perfil lipídico de 190 diabéticos tipo 2 (31 a 83 anos), atendidos no período de 1993 a 2000. Os dados foram coletados no momento inicial (primeira consulta de nutrição) e após três meses, tendo alguns sido coletados também uma terceira vez (6 meses após a primeira consulta). RESULTADOS: Inicialmente foram observados valores médios e medianos elevados, para índice de massa corporal, glicemia de jejum, colesterol total, LDL-c e triglicerídeos. Nos primeiros três meses após a intervenção, houve redução do índice de massa corporal (de 28,3 para 27,8kg/m²), glicemia de jejum (de 178,5 para 135,0mg/dL), colesterol total (de 251,0 para 230,0mg/dL), LDL-c (de 185,5 para 159mg/dL) e triglicerídeos (de 243,0 para 190,0mg/dL), não ocorrendo alteração dos níveis de HDL-c. Os pacientes com índice de massa corporal <30kg/m² e os com diabetes de manifestação mais recente, obtiveram melhores resultados. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo indicam que o atendimento multiprofissional é importante para o controle do diabetes, devendo ser iniciado precocemente.<br>OBJECTIVE: This work evaluates the multiprofessional intervention results on glucemic control, lipid profile, and nutritional status of diabetic patients, who received primary level health care in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: An examination was carried out, to evaluate the levels of glucemia, body mass index, and lipid profile of 190 type-2 diabetic patients (31 to 83 years old), assisted during the period of 1993 to the year 2000. The data were collected at the 1st. consultation on nutrition, and after three months, whereas some data were also collected at a 3rd. moment (6 months after the initial consultation). RESULTS: Initially, the registered data were the high average and medium values for body mass index, fasting glucemia, total cholesterol, LDL-c and triglycerides. Over the first three months after intervention, a significant reduction occurred in the body mass index (from 28.3 to 27.8kg/m²), fasting glucemia levels (from 178.5 to 135.0mg/dL), total cholesterol (from 251.0 to 230.0mg/dL), LDL-c (from 185.5 to 159mg/dL) and triglycerides (from 243.0 to 190.0mg/dL); however, no alteration occurred in the HDL-c levels. The patients with body mass index <30kg/m², as well as those with a more recent history of diabetes obtained better outcomes. CONCLUSION: This study's results allow us to conclude that multiprofessional health care is fundamental in controlling diabetes, and such care should begin as soon as possible

    Global burden of disease attributable to diabetes mellitus in Brazil Carga global de doença devida e atribuível ao diabetes mellitus no Brasil

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    Type II diabetes mellitus accounts for 90% of all cases of diabetes, and its inclusion in health evaluation has shown that its complications have a considerable impact on the population's quality of life. The current article presents the results of the Global Burden of Disease Study in Brazil for the year 1998, with an emphasis on diabetes mellitus and its complications. The indicator used was disability-adjusted life years (DALY), using a discount rate of 3%. In Brazil, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes accounted for 14.7% of total lost DALYs. Brazil showed a higher proportion of years lived with disability (YLDs) among total DALYs for diabetes as compared to other countries. Retinopathy and neuropathy were the complications that contributed most to YLDs. According to forecasts, diabetes mellitus will have an increasing impact on years of life lost due to premature death and disability in the world, shifting from the 11th to 7th cause of death by 2030. It is thus urgent to implement effective measures for prevention, early diagnosis, counseling, and adequate follow-up of patients with diabetes mellitus.<br>O diabetes mellitus tipo II é responsável por 90% de todos os casos de diabetes, e sua inclusão na avaliação de saúde evidencia que as suas complicações têm um considerável impacto na qualidade de vida de uma população. O presente artigo apresenta os resultados do Estudo de Carga Global de Doença, realizado no Brasil para o ano de 1998, com ênfase no diabetes mellitus e suas complicações. O indicador utilizado foi o disability-adjusted life years (DALY), ao qual aplicou-se a taxa de desconto de 3%. No Brasil, doenças isquêmicas do coração, doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes contribuíram com 14,7% do total de DALY. Observou-se uma maior participação do years lived with disability (YLD) no total de DALY para o diabetes quando comparado a outros países. As complicações retinopatias e neuropatias foram as que mais contribuíram para o YLD. Projeções indicam que o diabetes mellitus terá crescente impacto sobre a perda de anos de vida por morte prematura e incapacidade no mundo, e que se deslocará de 11ª para 7ª causa de morte em 2030. Faz-se urgente a implantação e implementação de medidas efetivas para prevenção, diagnóstico precoce, aconselhamento e adequado acompanhamento dos pacientes com diabetes mellitus
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