The investigation of flame spreading over the surface of igniting solid propellants Final summary report

Flame spreading over surface of igniting solid propellants in different gas mixtures at various pressure

Rapid linear pyrolysis of composite solid propellant ingredients Final report

Rapid linear pyrolysis of thermoplastic solid fuels by intense heat flux levels to simulate combustio

Flame Spreading over the Surface of Double Base Propellants at High Pressure Annual Report

Flame spreading over igniting surface of double base propellants in high pressure quiescent environmen

Surface Effects of Flame Spreading over Igniting Composite Solid Propellants Constituents

Flame spreading over surface of igniting composite solid propellant constituent

CD32 expression is associated to T-cell activation and is not a marker of the HIV-1 reservoir

CD32 has been shown to be preferentially expressed in latently HIV-1-infected cells in an in vitro model of quiescent CD4 T cells. Here we show that stimulation of CD4+ T cells with IL-2, IL-7, PHA, and anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies induces T-cell proliferation, co-expression of CD32 and the activation of the markers HLA-DR and CD69. HIV-1 infection increases CD32 expression. 79.2% of the CD32+/CD4+ T cells from HIV+ individuals under antiretroviral treatment were HLA-DR+. Resting CD4+ T cells infected in vitro generally results in higher integration of provirus. We observe no difference in provirus integration or replication-competent inducible latent HIV-1 in CD32+ or CD32− CD4+ T cells from HIV+ individuals. Our results demonstrate that CD32 expression is a marker of CD4+ T cell activation in HIV+ individuals and raises questions regarding the immune resting status of CD32+ cells harboring HIV-1 proviruses. CD32 has been previously shown to be expressed preferentially by CD4 T cells latently harbouring HIV-1. Here the authors show that CD32 expression in CD4 T cells is associated with T cell activation, is up-regulated by HIV-1 infection and importantly does not appear to represent an enriched cellular niche for latent HIV-1