Analysis of genetic diversity among Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. isolates from Euro-Asian countries

The study assessed the genetic variability among Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. isolates originating from six different countries (Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Spain, Ukraine and Serbia), collected mostly from sunflower, but also maize, soybean, flax, common bean and zebra plant. RAPD analysis was based on 154 polymorphic bands obtained with 14 OPA primers. RAPD markers OPA-02-OPA-05, OPA-07-OPA-13 and OPA-18-OPA-20 were found to be suitable for measuring the genetic relatedness and detecting variability in M. phaseolina populations. Cluster analysis revealed high genetic diversity of M. phaseolina isolates within the same country of origin, but clear differentiation according to the isolates' host plant and geographical origin was not observed. Contingency analysis and corrected contingency coefficients enabled determination of RAPD markers associated with geographical origin of isolates, as well as markers specific for non-sunflower isolates. Marker OPA 10_1750 was found to be highly specific for the isolates from Turkey, while two markers, OPA 3_1250 and OPA 9_800, could be used for differentiation of isolates originating from sunflower from isolates originating from other host plants

Genetic variability and pedigree analysis of Brazilian common bean elite genotypes Variabilidade genética e análise de pedigree em genótipos elite brasileiros de feijoeiro comum

Genetic diversity is essential for any breeding program. However, breeders tend to concentrate on specific genotypes, which combine traits of interest and may be used as progenitors in several breeding programs. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) breeding programs are not different in this sense. In this study, the genetic diversity of 21 common bean elite lines from the Bean Regional Trials conducted by the Embrapa Rice and Bean Research Center was evaluated using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and pedigree analyses. Based on genetic dissimilarity, three groups were defined: group I - lines 1, 9 and 10, with low genetic distances among them (0.00 to 0.06), originated from 11 Mesoamerican parents; group II - 17 lines with genetic distances ranging from 0.03 to 0.33, originated from 50 parents (mostly Mesoamerican); and group III - line 21 (PR 93201472), which parents are the Andean cultivar 'Pompadour' and the cultivar 'Irai' (unknown origin). The genetic distances between line 21 and the lines of the other two groups varied from 0.68 to 0.93. Pedigree analyses demonstrated that cultivars 'Carioca', 'Cornell 49-242', 'Jamapa', 'Tlalnepantla 64', 'Tara' and 'Veranic 2', all of Mesoamerican origin, were the most widely used parents for developing lines present in group II.<br>Diversidade genética é um pré-requisito em qualquer tipo de programa de melhoramento. No entanto, os melhoristas tendem a se concentrar em alguns genótipos que reúnem características de interesse e estes são usados em diversos programas de melhoramento. Os programas de melhoramento do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) não são diferentes quanto a esse aspecto. Visando o estudo da variabilidade genética, 21 cultivares-elite dos Ensaios Regionais de Feijão coordenados pela Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, foram caracterizados com marcadores moleculares Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Também, os pedigrees dos 21 cultivares elite foram pesquisados com o objetivo de estudar os progenitores usados no seu desenvolvimento. Baseado nos dados de distância genética, um gráfico de dispersão foi construído e três grupos foram identificados: 1) grupo I, formado pelas linhas 1, 9 e 10, com baixa diversidade genética entre si (0,00 a 0,06), originadas de 11 progenitores de origem Mesoamericana; 2) grupo II, formado por 17 linhagens com distâncias genéticas variando de 0,03 a 0,33, originadas de 50 progenitores, a maioria de origem Mesoamericana; e, 3) grupo III, formado pelo cultivar PR 93201472 (linhagem 21), que tem os cultivares 'Pompadour' (origem Andina) e 'Irai' (origem desconhecida) como seus progenitores. As distâncias genéticas entre PR 93201472 e os outros 20 cultivares variaram entre 0,68 e 0,93. De acordo com seus pedigrees, os cultivares 'Carioca', 'Cornell 49-242', 'Jamapa', 'Tlalnepantla 64', 'Tara' e 'Veranic 2', todos de origem Mesoamericana, foram os progenitores mais empregados na geração das linhagens do grupo II