Klinefelter’s syndrome in azoospermic infertile males of Vidarbha region, Central India

Background: Infertility was defined as involuntary failure of conception in a married couple after 1 year of regular unprotected intercourse. Male factor infertility is a distressing condition that adds to the psychological trauma to majority of couples. The widely accepted methods of screening for infertility in males are semen analysis and cytogenetic studies. Klinefelter syndrome, with an incidence of 1:600 male newborns, is the most frequent form of male hypogonadism.Methods: 30 non-obstructive azoospermic infertile males were selected for present study. For each subject, chromosomal analysis was carried out by conventional as well as giemsa trypsin giemsa (GTG) technique in cytogenetic laboratory. Total 25 metaphases i. e. 15 conventional and 10 G-banded metaphases were analyzed, in each case. In cases with chromosomal abnormalities, total 45 metaphases i. e. 25 conventional and 20 G-banded metaphases were studied. Selected metaphases were photographed using CCD camera.Results: Three subjects had a chromosomal count of 47 in all the metaphase studied. The additional chromosome was closely matching with the X chromosome. Hence the karyotype showed numerical aberration with an extra ‘X’ chromosome i. e. 47, XXY suggestive of Klinefelter’s syndrome. This was confirmed by G-banding. All of the three subjects had bilateral testicular atrophy and one had typical features of Klinefelter’s syndrome except gynecomastia.Conclusions: On cytogenetic analysis of 30 azoospermic infertile subjects, chromosomal abnormality of 47, XXY (Klinefelter’s syndrome) was found in 3 subjects.  The total percentage of Klinefelter’s syndrome in present study comes to 10%.

Central and peripheral GLP-1 systems independently suppress eating

The anorexigenic peptide glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is secreted from gut enteroendocrine cells and brain preproglucagon (PPG) neurons, which, respectively, define the peripheral and central GLP-1 systems. PPG neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) are widely assumed to link the peripheral and central GLP-1 systems in a unified gut–brain satiation circuit. However, direct evidence for this hypothesis is lacking, and the necessary circuitry remains to be demonstrated. Here we show that PPGNTS neurons encode satiation in mice, consistent with vagal signalling of gastrointestinal distension. However, PPGNTS neurons predominantly receive vagal input from oxytocin-receptor-expressing vagal neurons, rather than those expressing GLP-1 receptors. PPGNTS neurons are not necessary for eating suppression by GLP-1 receptor agonists, and concurrent PPGNTS neuron activation suppresses eating more potently than semaglutide alone. We conclude that central and peripheral GLP-1 systems suppress eating via independent gut–brain circuits, providing a rationale for pharmacological activation of PPGNTS neurons in combination with GLP-1 receptor agonists as an obesity treatment strategy

Zinc homeostasis and signaling in health and diseases: Zinc signaling

The essential trace element zinc (Zn) is widely required in cellular functions, and abnormal Zn homeostasis causes a variety of health problems that include growth retardation, immunodeficiency, hypogonadism, and neuronal and sensory dysfunctions. Zn homeostasis is regulated through Zn transporters, permeable channels, and metallothioneins. Recent studies highlight Zn’s dynamic activity and its role as a signaling mediator. Zn acts as an intracellular signaling molecule, capable of communicating between cells, converting extracellular stimuli to intracellular signals, and controlling intracellular events. We have proposed that intracellular Zn signaling falls into two classes, early and late Zn signaling. This review addresses recent findings regarding Zn signaling and its role in physiological processes and pathogenesis

Co-Authorship and Bibliographic Coupling Network Effects on Citations

Climate change adaptation (CCA) has recently emerged as a new fundamental dimension to be considered in the planning and management of water resources. Because of the need to consider the already perceived changes in climate trends, variability and extremes, and their interactions with evolving social and ecological systems, water management is now facing new challenges. The research community is expected to contribute with innovative methods and tools to support to decision- and policy-makers. Decision Support Systems (DSSs), have a relatively long history in the water management sector. They are usually developed upon pre-existing hydrologic simulation models, providing interfaces for facilitated use beyond the limited group of model developers, and specific routines for decision making (e.g. optimization methods). In recent years, the traditional focus of DSS research has shifted away from the software component, towards the process of structuring problems and aiding decisions, thus including in particular robust methods for stakeholders' participation. The paper analyses the scientific literature, identifies the main open issues, and proposes an innovative operational approach for the implementation of participatory planning and decision-making processes for CCA in the water domain

Social media in undergraduate medical education: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: There are over 3.81 billion worldwide active social media (SoMe) users. SoMe are ubiquitous in medical education, with roles across undergraduate programmes, including professionalism, blended learning, well being and mentoring. Previous systematic reviews took place before recent explosions in SoMe popularity and revealed a paucity of high-quality empirical studies assessing its effectiveness in medical education. This review aimed to synthesise evidence regarding SoMe interventions in undergraduate medical education, to identify features associated with positive and negative outcomes. METHODS: Authors searched 31 key terms through seven databases, in addition to references, citation and hand searching, between 16 June and 16 July 2020. Studies describing SoMe interventions and research on exposure to existing SoMe were included. Title, abstract and full paper screening were undertaken independently by two reviewers. Included papers were assessed for methodological quality using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI) and/or the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) instrument. Extracted data were synthesised using narrative synthesis. RESULTS: 112 studies from 26 countries met inclusion criteria. Methodological quality of included studies had not significantly improved since 2013. Engagement and satisfaction with SoMe platforms in medical education are described. Students felt SoMe flattened hierarchies and improved communication with educators. SoMe use was associated with improvement in objective knowledge assessment scores and self-reported clinical and professional performance, however evidence for long term knowledge retention was limited. SoMe use was occasionally linked to adverse impacts upon mental and physical health. Professionalism was heavily investigated and considered important, though generally negative correlations between SoMe use and medical professionalism may exist. CONCLUSIONS: Social media is enjoyable for students who may improve short term knowledge retention and can aid communication between learners and educators. However, higher-quality study is required to identify longer-term impact upon knowledge and skills, provide clarification on professionalism standards and protect against harms

Klinefelter's syndrome in azoospermic infertile males of Vidarbha region, Central India

Background: Infertility was defined as involuntary failure of conception in a married couple after 1 year of regular unprotected intercourse. Male factor infertility is a distressing condition that adds to the psychological trauma to majority of couples. The widely accepted methods of screening for infertility in males are semen analysis and cytogenetic studies. Klinefelter syndrome, with an incidence of 1:600 male newborns, is the most frequent form of male hypogonadism.Methods: 30 non-obstructive azoospermic infertile males were selected for present study. For each subject, chromosomal analysis was carried out by conventional as well as giemsa trypsin giemsa (GTG) technique in cytogenetic laboratory. Total 25 metaphases i. e. 15 conventional and 10 G-banded metaphases were analyzed, in each case. In cases with chromosomal abnormalities, total 45 metaphases i. e. 25 conventional and 20 G-banded metaphases were studied. Selected metaphases were photographed using CCD camera.Results: Three subjects had a chromosomal count of 47 in all the metaphase studied. The additional chromosome was closely matching with the X chromosome. Hence the karyotype showed numerical aberration with an extra ‘X’ chromosome i. e. 47, XXY suggestive of Klinefelter’s syndrome. This was confirmed by G-banding. All of the three subjects had bilateral testicular atrophy and one had typical features of Klinefelter’s syndrome except gynecomastia.Conclusions: On cytogenetic analysis of 30 azoospermic infertile subjects, chromosomal abnormality of 47, XXY (Klinefelter’s syndrome) was found in 3 subjects.  The total percentage of Klinefelter’s syndrome in present study comes to 10%.