Influence Of Estradiol And Progesterone On The Sensitivity Of Rat Thoracic Aorta To Noradrenaline

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of low and high doses of estradiol, and of progesterone on the response to noradrenaline in rat thoracic aorta. Two weeks after bilateral ovariectomy, female rats received a s.c. injection of vehicle (corn oil, 0.1 mL/day), estradiol (10 μg/kg/day or 4 mg/kg/day) and/or progesterone (20 mg/kg/day), for eight days. On the ninth day, the rats were sacrificed and aortic rings, with or without endothelium, were used to generate concentration-response curves to noradrenaline. Aortic rings with intact endothelium from the high-dose (4 mg/kg/day) estradiol group were supersensitive to noradrenaline compared to the vehicle or low-dose (10 μg/kg/day) estradiol groups (pD2 values = 7.86±0.09, 7.30±0.11 and 7.35 ± 0.04, respectively). Endothelium-intact aortic rings from high-estradiol rats were supersensitive to noradrenaline when compared to vehicle-, progesterone- and progesterone + high-estradiol-treated rats (pD2 values = 7.77±0.12, 7.21±0.13, 6.93±0.04 and 7.22±0.18, respectively). There were no significant differences among the pD2 values for noradrenaline in aortic rings without endothelium. In conclusion, at high but not low doses, estradiol increased the sensitivity to noradrenaline and this was prevented by progesterone. Both of these effects were endothelium-dependent. © 2001 Elsevier Science Inc.688881888Waldron, I., Why do women live longer than men? (1976) Journal of Human Stress, 2, pp. 2-13Benetos, A., Rudnichi, A., Thomas, F., Safar, M., Guize, L., Influence of heart rate on mortality in a French population. 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Stress, Reproductive Cycle And Cardiac Sensitivity To Cathecolamines [estresse, Ciclo Reprodutivo E Sensibilidade Cardíaca às Catecolaminas]

Stress is an organic answer to aversive stimulus or unknown situations to provide the adaptation of host to the new condition. The stressor can be a physical, chemical, emotional and social agent. Different stressors are present in human daily life and can be involved in degenerative diseases and lead to a fast aging process disturbing the body physiology. The main mediators of the stress reaction are the catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) released by the sympathetic nervous system and by the adrenal medulla, and the glucocorticoids released by the adrenal cortex. The catecholamines and glucocorticoids act in the cells and tissues inducing adaptive changes in order to protect the organism and allow its survival. This response to stressors can be modified by the host and stressor characteristics. Among the host ones, age, gender, and in females, the reproductive cycle are relevant. The variations in the levels of sexual steroids estradiol and progesterone, related to the reproductive cycle, modulate the secretion of CRH, ACTH and glucocorticoids during the stress reaction and are involved in the different responses between men and women. Many studies have shown that the exposure to stressors may induce alterations in the sensitivity to catecholamines in the heart, which are related to adaptive processes. These alterations include changes in the activity of the metabolizing system of catecholamines, in the affinity or number of adrenoceptors, in the coupling between the receptor and G protein, and in enzymes mediating intracellular processes after the receptor activation. 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Sci., (771), pp. 115-130. , New YorkParry, B.L., Newton, R.P., Chronobiological basis of female-specific mood disorders (2001) Neuropsychopharmacology, 25 (5), pp. 102-108. , New YorkPickering, A.D., The concept of biological stress (1981) Stress and Fish, pp. 225-255. , New York: Academic PressPowers, S.K., Howley, E.T., Adaptações circulatórias ao exercício (2000) Fisiologia do Exercício - Teoria e Aplicação ao Condicionamento e ao Desempenho. 3 Ed., pp. 151-176. , Powers, S. K., Howley, E. T. São Paulo: Manole. cap. 9Rivier, C., Gender, sex steroids, corticotropin-releasing factor, nitric oxide, and the HPA response to stress (1999) Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 64 (4), pp. 739-751. , OxfordRoberts, J.M., Insel, P.A., Goldfien, A., Regulation of myometrial adrenoceptors an adrenergic response by sex steroids (1981) Mol. 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Pharmacol., 19 (4), pp. 553-557. , OxfordSpadari, R.C., Bassani, R.A., De Moraes, S., Supersensitivity to isoprenaline and epinephrine in right atria isolated from rats submitted to a single swimming se

Relationship Between The Level Of Stress And Supersensitivity To Norepinephrine In Female Rats At Proestrus [relação Entre Nível De Estresse E Supersensibilidade à Norepinefrina Em Ratas No Proestro]

We studied the relationship between the level of stress and the sensitivity to norepinephrine (NE) in female rats submitted to swimming stress. Female rats at estrus or proestrus were submitted to one 50-min-swimming session. The experiments were recorded and the level of stress was evaluated by the scape try time (active swimming, close to the boards of the tank as if the animal was looking for exit) and by the time of immobility (floating). Immediately after the stress session, the animal was sacrificed and its right atria set up for isometric recording of spontaneous beating. Concentration-effect curves to NE were obtained in tissues from stressed and control rats. Scape try time at proestrus was higher than at estrus. The immobility time was significantly lower at proestrus compared to estrus. Swimming stress induced supersensitivity to NE in right atria from rats at proestrus, without changes at estrus. Since the mobility of the animal submitted to swimming is inversely related to its chances of survival, our results suggest that female rats at proestrus presented a slow adaptive response to swimming stress compared to estrus rats, and that the supersensitivity to NE seems to be a response increasing the probability of survival.373391398Axelrod, J., Reisine, T.D., Stress hormones: Their interaction and regulation (1984) Science, 224 (4648), pp. 452-459. , WashingtonBassani, R.A., De Moraes, S., Subsensitivity to beta adrenoceptor agonists in right atria isolated from footshock stressed rats (1987) Gen. Pharmacol., 18, pp. 473-477. , OxfordBianchi, F.J., Moura, M.J.C.S., Marcondes, F.K., Tentativa de fuga: Proposta de uma variável para medida do nível de estresse em ratos submetidos à natação (1999) Anais, p. 53. , Reunião Anual da Federação de Sociedades de Biologia Experimental - FESBE, 14., Caxambu, 1999. São Paulo: FESBEBoehm, N., Plas-Roser, S., Aron, C., How different procedures of blood removal affect blood progesterone concentration in the cyclic female rats (1982) J. Steroid Biochem., 16 (2), pp. 339-342. , OxfordBruce, N.W., Willcox, D.L., Meyer, G.T., Waddel, B.J., Effects of handling, anesthesia, ovariectomy, and adrenalectomy on serial mesurents of plasma progesterone in 16-day pregnant rats (1984) J. Endocr., 100 (2), pp. 189-193. , LondonBruner, C.A., Vargas, I., The activity of rats in a swimming situation as a function of water temperature (1994) Physiol. Behav., 55 (1), pp. 21-28. , New YorkCallia, M.L., De Moraes, S., Heterogeneity of beta adrenoceptors in right atria isolated from cold-exposed rats (1984) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 230 (2), pp. 450-454. , BaltimoreCannon, W.B., Querido, S., Britton, S.W., Bright, E.M., Studies on the conditions of activity in endocrine glands. The role of adrenal excretion in the chemical control of body temperature (1927) Am. J. Physiol., 79, pp. 466-506. , BethesdaCapaz, F.R., De Moraes, S., Reduction by acute restraint stress of norepinephrine sensitivity in the isolated rat pacemaker (1988) Eur. J. Pharmacol., 147 (2), pp. 295-298. , AmsterdamChrousos, G.P., Gold, P.W., The concepts of stress and stress system disorders (1992) JAMA J. Am. Med. Ass., 267 (9), pp. 1244-1252. , ChicagoCox, R.H., Hubbard, J.W., Lawler, J.E., Sanders, B.J., Mitchell, V.P., Cardiovascular a sympathoadrenal responses to stress in swim-trained rats (1985) J. Appl. Physiol., 58 (4), pp. 1207-1214. , BethesdaFraser, D., Ritchie, J.S.D., Fraser, A.F., The term "stress" in a veterinary context (1975) Br. Vet. J., 131 (6), pp. 653-662. , LondonFreeman, M.E., The ovarian cycle of the rat (1988) The physiology of reproduction, pp. 1893-1928. , Knobil, E. et al., eds. New York: Raven PressGarcia-Marquez, C.G., Armario, A., Chronic stress depresses exploratory activity and behavioral performance in the forced swimming test without altering ACTH response to a novel acute stressor (1987) Physiol. Behav., 40 (1), pp. 33-38. , New YorkGriffin, J.F.T., Stress and imunity: A unifying concept (1989) Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 20 (3), pp. 263-312. , AmsterdamHawkins, J., Hicks, R.A., Phillips, N., Moored, J.D., Swimming rats and human depression (1978) Nature, 274 (5670), pp. 512-513. , LondonIwamoto, M., Marcondes, F.K., Influência do sexo sobre o tempo de imobilidade de ratos submetidos à natação em espaço amplo (1998) Anais, p. 335. , Reunião Anual da Federação de Sociedades de Biologia Experimental - FESBE, 13., Caxambu, 1998. São Paulo: FESBEIwamoto, M., Moura, M.J.C.S., Marcondes, F.K., Tempo de imobilidade de ratos submetidos à natação a 25°C e a 35°C (1998) Anais, p. 56. , Reunião Anual da Federação de Sociedades de Biologia Experimental - FESBE, 14., Caxambu. Sao Paulo: FESBEKoob, G.F., Corticotrophin-releasing factor, norepinephrine and stress (1999) Biol. Psychiatry, 46 (9), pp. 1167-1180. , New YorkKoolhaas, J.M., Korte, S.M., De Boer, S.E., Van Der Vegt, B.J., Van Reenen, C.G., De Jong, I.C., Ruis, M.A., Blokhuis, H.J., Coping styles in animals: Current status in behavior and stress-physiology (1999) Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 23 (7), pp. 925-935. , OxfordLegin-Bucell, C., Riccio, D.C., Modulation of aversively motivated learning in rats adapted to a cold stressor (1985) Physiol. Behav., 35 (4), pp. 623-626. , New YorkLundberg, U., Catecholamines (2000) Encyclopedia of Stress, 1, pp. 408-413. , Fink, G., ed. New York: Academic PressMacNiven, E., De Catanzaro, D., Yonglay, E.V., Chronic stress increases estrogen and other steroids in inseminated rats (1992) Physiol. Behav., 52 (1), pp. 159-162. , New YorkMarcondes, F.K., (1998) Influência do ciclo estral sobre as respostas hormonais de ratas submetidas a estresse, , Campinas. 62p. [Tese de Doutorado - Instituto de Biologia - Universidade Estadual de Campinas]Marcondes, F.K., (1995) Influência do sexo e das fases do ciclo estral sobre a reação de estresse em ratos, , Campinas. 58p. [Dissertação de Mestrado - Instituto de Biologia - Universidade Estadual de Campinas]Marcondes, F.K., Bianchi, F.J., Tanno, A.P., Determination of the estrous cycle phases of rats: Some helpful considerations (2002) Braz. J. Biol., , no preloMarcondes, F.K., Mello, L.L., Spadari-Bratisfich, R.C., Estrous cycle influence the response of female rats in the elevated pluz-maze (2001) Physiol. Behav., 74 (4-5), pp. 15-20. , New YorkMarcondes, F.K., Vanderlei, L.C.M., Lanza, L.L.B., Spadari-Bratfisch, R.C., Stress-induced subsensitivity to catecholamines depends on the estrous cycle (1996) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 74 (6), pp. 663-669. , OttawaMcCann, S.M., Antunes-Rodrigues, J., Franci, C.R., Anselmo-Franci, J.A., Karanth, S., Rettori, V., Role of the hypothalmnic pituitary adrenal axis in the control of the response to stress and infection (2000) Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 33 (10), pp. 1121-1131. , São PauloMcEwen, B.S., Definitions and concepts of stress (2000) Encyclopedia of Stress, 3, pp. 508-509. , Fink, G., ed. New York: Academic PressNatelson, B.H., Ottenweller, J.E., Cook, J.A., Pitman, D., McCarty, R., Tapp, W.N., Effect of stressor intensity on habituation of the adrenocortical stress response (1988) Physiol. Behav., 43 (1), pp. 41-46. , New YorkNequin, L.G., Schwartz, N.B., Adrenal participation in the timing of mating and LH release in cyclic rat (1971) Endocrinology, 88 (2), pp. 325-331. , BaltimoreNishimura, H., Tsuda, A., Oguchi, M., Ida, Y., Tanaka, M., Is immobility of rats in the forced swim test "behavioral despair?" (1988) Physiol. Behav., 42 (1), pp. 93-95. , New YorkÖstman-Smith, I., Adaptive changes in the sympathetic nervous system and some effector organs of the rat following long term exercise or cold acclimation and the role of cardiac sympathetic nerves in the genesis of compensatory cardiac hipertrophy (1979) Acta Physiol. Scand., pp. 1-118. , Oxford, s. 477Plas-Roser, S., Aron, C., New data concerning the control by the adrenals of sexual receptivity in the rat (1977) Physiol. Behav., 19 (1), pp. 57-60. , New YorkRodrigues, M.L.V., Marcondes, F.K., Spadari-Bratfisch, R.C., Relationship between sensitivity to adrenaline, plasma corticosterone level and estrous cycle in rats (1995) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 73 (5), pp. 602-607. , OttawaSelye, H., A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents (1936) Nature, 138 (1), p. 32. , LondonShors, T.J., Pickett, J., Wood, G., Pacynski, M., Acute stress persistently enhances estrogen levels in the female rat (1999) Stress, 3 (2), pp. 163-171. , MalaysiaSmith, M.S., Freeman, M.E., Neill, J., The control of progesterone secretion during the estrous cycle and early pseudopregnancy in the rat: Prolactin, gonadotropin and steroid levels associated with rescue of the corpus luteum of pseudopregnancy (1975) Endocrinology, 96 (1), pp. 219-226. , BaltimoreSpadari, R.C., Bassani, R.A., De Moraes, S., Supersensitivity to isoprenaline and epinephrine in right atria isolated from rats submitted to a single swimming session (1988) Gen. Pharmacol., 19 (1), pp. 129-135. , OxfordVanderlei, L.C.M., Marcondes, F.K., Lanza, L.L.B., Spadari-Bratfisch, R.C., Influence of the estrous cycle on the sensitivity to catecholamines in right atria from rats submitted to footshock stress (1996) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 74 (6), pp. 670-678. , OttawaVogel, W.H., Jensh, R., Chronic stress and plasma catecholamine and corticosterone levels in male rats (1988) Neurosci. Lett., 87 (1-2), pp. 183-188. , LimerickZanesco, A., Spadari-Bratfisch, R.C., Barker, L.A., Sino-aortic denervation causes right atrial beta adrenoceptor down-regulation (1997) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 280 (2), pp. 677-685. , Londo

Influence Of Estrous Cycle On The Sensitivity Of Cronotropic Answer To Norepinephrine In Rats Submitted To Acute Stress [influência Do Ciclo Estral Sobre A Sensibilidade Da Resposta Cronotrópica à Norepinefrina Em Ratas Submetidas A Estresse Agudo]

Stress may change the response to catecholamines in many tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the estrous cycle on the sensitivity to norepinephrine in right atria from female rats submitted to a single swimming session. Wistar female rats were submitted to one swimming session at estrus or proestrus. Immediately after the stress session, the animal was sacrificed and its right atria set up for isometric recording of spontaneous beating. Concentration-effect curves to norepinephrine were obtained before and after inhibition of uptake1 (phenoxibenzamine) and uptake2 (estradiol). Swimming stress did not change the sensitivity to noradrenaline in right atria from rats at estrus. However, at proestrus swimming induced supersensitivity to norepinephrine (pD2 control: 7.14 ± 0.03 vs. pD2 swimming: 7.55 ± 0.04; p<0.05). Moreover at proestrus, the inhibition of the uptake systems induced a lower shift to the left in the concentration-effect curves to norepinephrine compared to the estrus. Changes on the uptake systems seem to be involved in the stress-induced supersensitivity to norepinephrine during proestrus.3816370Bassani, R.A., De Moraes, S., Effects of repeated footshock stress on the chronotropic responsiveness of the isolated pacemaker of the rat: Role of β2-adrenoceptors (1988) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 246 (1), pp. 316-321. , BaltimoreBassani, R.A., De Moraes, S., Subsensitivity to beta adrenoceptor agonists in right atria isolated from footshock stressed rats (1987) Gen. Pharmacol., 18 (5), pp. 473-477. , OxfordBianchi, F.J., Tanno, A.P., Marcondes, F.K., Relação entre nivel de estresse e supersensibilidade à norepinefrina em ratas no poestro (2001) Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Farm., 37 (3), pp. 391-398Brodde, O.E., Michel, M.C., Adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in the human heart (1999) Pharmacol. Rev., 51 (4), pp. 651-689. , BaltimoreBruner, C.A., Vargas, I., The activity of rats in a swimming situation as a function of water temperature (1994) Physiol. Behav., 55 (1), pp. 21-28. , New YorkCallia, M.L., De Moraes, S., Heterogeneity of beta adrenoceptors in right atria isolated from cold-exposed rats (1984) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 230 (2), pp. 450-454. , BaltimoreCapaz, F.R., De Moraes, S., Reduction by acute restraint stress of norepinephrine sensitivity in the isolated rat pacemaker (1988) Eur. J. Pharmacol., 147 (2), pp. 295-298. , AmsterdamChrousos, G.P., Gold, P.W., The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis (1992) J. Am. Med. Ass., 267 (9), pp. 1244-1252. , ChicagoCollins, G.G.S., Pryse-Davies, J., Sandler, M., Southgate, J., Effect of tretreatment with oestradiol, progesterone and DOPA on monoamino oxidase activity in the rat (1970) Nature, 226 (246), pp. 642-643. , LondonCox, R.H., Hubbard, J.W., Lawler, J.E., Sanders, B.J., Mitchell, V.P., Cardiovascular a sympathoadrenal responses to stress in swim-trained rats (1985) J. Appl. Physiol., 58 (4), pp. 1207-1214. , BethesdaCubeddu, L., Langer, S.Z., Weiner, N., The relationships between alpha receptor block, inhibition of norepinephrine uptake and the release and metabolism of 3H-norepinephrine (1974) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 188 (2), pp. 368-385. , BaltimoreEisenfeld, A.J., Axelrod, J., Krafoff, L., Inhibition of the extraneuronal accumulation and metabolism of norepinephrine by adrenergic blocking agents (1967) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 156, pp. 107-113. , BaltimoreFlügge, G., Regulation of monoamine receptors in the brain: Dynamic changes during stress (2000) Int. Rev. Citol., 195, pp. 145-213. , New YorkFraser, D., Ritchie, J.S.D., Fraser, A.F., The term "stress" in a veterinary context (1975) Br. Vet. J., 131 (6), pp. 653-662. , LondonFreeman, M.E., The ovarian cycle of the rat (1988) The physiology of reproduction, pp. 1893-1928. , Knobil, E. et al. New York: Raven Press. LTDGarcia-Marquez, C.G., Armario, A., Chronic stress depresses exploratory activity and behavioral performance in the forced swimming test without altering ACTH response to a novel acute stressor (1987) Physiol. Behav., 40, pp. 33-38. , New YorkHarri, M.N.E., Melender, L., Tirri, R., Changed chronotropic sensitivity to sympathomimetic amines in isolated atria from rats following cold acclimation (1974) Experientia., 30 (9), pp. 1041-1043. , BaselIversen, L.L., Salt, P.J., Inhibition of catecholamine uptake2 by steroids in the isolated rat heart (1970) Br. J. Pharmacol., 40 (3), pp. 528-530. , BasingstokeJasmin, G., Bois, P., Hans Selye (2000) Encyclopedia of Stress, 3, pp. 417-418. , Fink, G., ed. New York: Academic PressKable, J.H., Murrin, C., Bylund, D.B., In vivo gene modification elucidates subtype-specific functions of a2-adrenergic receptors (2000) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 293 (1), pp. 1-7. , BaltimoreKenakin, T.P., (1993) Pharmacologic analysis of drug-receptor interaction. 2. ed., 48. , New York: Raven PressKopin, I.J., Catecholamine metabolism: Basic aspects and clinical significance (1985) Pharmacol. Rev., 37 (4), pp. 333-364. , BaltimoreLundberg, U., Catecholamines (2000) Encyclopedia of Stress, 1, pp. 408-413. , Fink, G., Ed. New York: Academic PressMano, K., Akbarzadeh, A., Townley, R.G., Effect of hidrocortisone on beta-adrenergic receptors in lung membranes (1979) Life Sci., 25 (22), pp. 1925-1930. , OxfordMarcondes, F.K., (1998) Influência do ciclo estral sobre as respostas hormonais de ratas submetidas a estresse, , Campinas. 62p. [Tese de Doutorado - Instituto de Biologia - Universidade Estadual de Campinas]Marcondes, F.K., (1995) Influência do sexo e das fases do ciclo estral sobre a reação de estresse em ratos, , Campinas. 58p. [Dissertação de Mestrado - Instituto de Biologia - Universidade Estadual de Campinas]Marcondes, F.K., Bianchi, F.J., Tanno, A.P., Determination of the estrous cycle phases of rats: Some helpful considerations (2002) Braz. J. Biol., , no preloMarcondes, F.K., Vanderlei, L.C.M., Lanza, L.L.B., Spadari-Bratfisch, R.C., Stress-induced subsensitivity to catecholamines depends on the estrous cycle (1996) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 74 (6), pp. 663-669. , OttawaMcCann, S.M., Antunes-Rodrigues, J., Franci, C.R., Anselmo-Franci, J.A., Karanth, S., Rettori, V., Role of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in the control of the response to stress and infection (2000) Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 33 (10), pp. 1121-1131. , São PauloMcEwen, B.S., Definitions and concepts of stress (2000) Encyclopedia of Stress, 3, pp. 408-509. , Fink, G., ed. New York: Academic PressMoura, M.J.C.S., Marcondes, F.K., Influence of estradiol and progesterone on the sensitivity of rat thoracic aorta to noradrenaline (2001) Life Sci., 68 (8), pp. 881-888. , OxfordÖstman-Smith, I., Adaptive changes in the sympathetic nervous system and some effector organs of the rat following long term exercise or cold acclimation and the role of cardiac sympathetic nerves in the genesis of compensatory cardiac hipertrophy (1979) Acta Physiol. Scand., (SUPPL. 477), pp. 1-118. , OxfordRodrigues, M.L.V., Marcondes, F.K., Spadari-Bratfisch, R.C., Relationship between sensitivity to adrenaline, plasma corticosterone level and estrous cycle in rats (1995) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 73 (5), pp. 602-607. , OttawaSalt, P.J., Inhibition of noradrenaline uptake2 in the isolated rat heart by steroids, clonidine and methoxylated phenylethylamines (1972) Eur. J. Pharmacol., 20 (3), pp. 329-340. , AmsterdamShors, T.J., Pickett, J., Wood, G., Pacynski, M., Acute stress persistently enhances estrogen levels in the female rat (1999) Stress., 3 (2), pp. 163-171. , MalaysiaSmith, M.S., Freeman, M.E., Neill, J.D., The control of progesterone secretion during the estrous cycle and early pseudopregnancy in the rat: Prolactin, gonadotrofin and steroids levels associated with rescue of the corpus luteum of pseudopregnancy (1975) Endocrinology., 96 (1), pp. 219-226. , BaltimoreSpadari, R.C., Bassani, R.A., De Moraes, S., Supersensitivity to isoprenaline and epinephrine in right atria isolated from rats submitted to a single swimming session (1988) Gen. Pharmac., 19 (1), pp. 129-135. , OxfordSpadari, R.C., De Moraes, S., Repeated swimming stress and responsiveness of isolated rat pacemaker to chronotropic effect of noradrenaline and isoprenaline: Role of adrenal conticosteroids (1988) Gen. Pharmacol., 19 (4), pp. 553-557. , OxfordSpadari-Bratfisch, R.C., Nunes, I.S., Vanderlei, L.C.M., Marcondes, F.K., Evidence for b2-adrenoceptors in right atria from female rats submitted to footshock stress (1999) Can J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 77 (6), pp. 432-440. , OttawaVan Rossum, J.M., Cumulative dose-response curves. II. Technique for the making f dose-response curves in isolated organs and the evaluation of the drug parameters (1963) Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther., 143, pp. 229-230. , GhentVanderlei, L.C.M., Marcondes, F.K., Lanza, L.L.B., Spadari-Bratfisch, R.C., Influence of the estrous cycle on the sensitivity to catecholamines in right atria from rats submitted to footshock stress (1996) Can. J. Physiol Pharmacol., 74 (6), pp. 670-678. , OttawaZanesco, A., Spadari-Bratfisch, R.C., Barker, L.A., Sino-aortic denervation causes right atrial beta adrenoceptor down-regulation (1997) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 280 (2), pp. 677-685. , Londo

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids And The Relation To The Sportive Practice [esteróides Anabólicos Androgênicos E Sua Relaçao Com A Prática Desportiva]

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are a group of natural and synthetic agents formed from testosterone or one of its derivatives, whose classical therapeutic indications are associated to hipogonadism and deficiency of proteic metabolism. Acting on androgenic receptors, they modulate both the androgenic and anabolic effects. These substances vary in their ratio of anabolic:androgenic activity, but to date there is no substance that completely separates these effects, promoting only the anabolic ones. The first recorded use of AAS to improve the athletic performance occurred in 1954, in Austria, and since then this practice became widespread. Obviously, the use of AAS is out of the competitive limits, and was declared illegal by the national and international sportive governmental sectors. However, according to statistics of the International Olympic Committee, carried out in 2000, the AAS are the group of ergogenic aids most commonly used in the doping process. Studies show that supra-physiological doses of AAS can cause many adverse effects, such as atrophy of testicular tissue, hepatic and prostatic tumors, hepatocellular damage and alterations on the lipidic metabolism, on the humor and on the behavior. The aim of the present study is to compile the data regarding the AAS, involving their historical perspectives, the physiology of AAS and the existing AAS types, their therapeutic indications and the side effects resultant of the abuse of these substances and the relation between the use of AAS and the improvement of athletic performance.402165179Antonio, J., Wilson, J.D., George, F.W., Effects of castration and androgen treatment on androgen-receptor levels in rat skeletal muscles (1999) J. Appl. 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The β1-adrenoceptor Site Activated By Cgp12177 Varies In Behavior According To The Estrous Cycle Phase And Stress

The aim of this work was to assess whether stress and estrous cycle phases affected the β1-adrenoceptor (β1-AR) site activated by CGP12177 in the right atria of rats. The chronotropic response to CGP12177 in the absence or presence of antagonists was determined in atria from rats submitted to one daily foot-shock session for 3 consecutive days. Blood was collected for hormonal assays. The pD2 for CGP12177 in atria from females was lower than in atria from males and was unaltered by stress or the estrous cycle. Propranolol (200 nM) or CGP20712A (3 μM) shifted the concentration-response curves to CGP12177 to the right in control and stressed estrus or control diestrus rats. Atria from stressed diestrus rats were resistant to blockade by propranolol or CGP20712A, indicating that the effect of β-adrenoceptor antagonists on the response to CGP12177 is influenced by estrous cycle phases. 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Behav., 74, pp. 435-440Meyer, R., Linz, K.W., Surges, R., Meinardus, S., Vees, J., Hoffmann, A., Windholz, L., Grohe, C., Rapid modulation of L-type calcium current by acutely applied oestrogens in isolated cardiac myocytes from human, guinea-pig and rat (1998) Exp. Physiol., 83, pp. 305-321Minneman, K.P., Hegstrand, L.R.K., Molinoff, P.B., Simultaneous determination of β-1 and β-2 adrenergic receptors in tissues containing both receptor subtypes (1979) Mol. Pharmacol., 16, pp. 36-46O'Donnell, S.R., Wanstall, J.C., Response to the β2-selective agonist procaterol of vascular and atrial preparations with different functional β-adrenoceptor populations (1985) Br. J. Pharmacol., 84, pp. 227-235Olfert, E.D., Cross, B.M., McWilliam, A.A., (1993) Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals, , Canadian Council on Animal Care, Ottawa, OntPak, M.D., Fishman, P.H., Anomalous behaviour of CGP12177A on β1-adrenergic receptors (1996) J. Recept. Signal Transduct. 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Technique for the making of dose-response curves in isolated organs and evaluation of drug parameters (1963) Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn., 143, pp. 432-440Zar, J., (1984) Biostatistical Analysis, p. 718. , Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.

Forced-swim Induces Subsensitivity To Phenylephrine In The Rat Thoracic Aorta [a Natação Forçada Induz Subsensibilidade à Fenilefrina Em Aorta Torácica De Rato]

Stress may change vascular function. The aim of this report was to study the sensitivity to phenylephrine (PHE) in the thoracic aorta from rats submitted to forced-swim. Male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were submitted to three swimming sessions, one session/day (15, 30 and 30 min, respectively). Immediately after the last swimming session, the animals were sacrificed and thoracic aorta was isolated. Aortic rings (3-5 mm), with and without endothelium, were carefully obtained and were maintained in Krebs-Henseleit solution (95% O 2 - 5% CO 2, 37 °C). Endothelial integrity was assessed by relaxation to acetylcholine (10 μM) in pre-contracted rings (PHE 0.1 μM). Concentration-effect curves to PHE were obtained (n = 5/group). There was no difference between control and stress groups in the maximum response to PHE of aortic rings with and without endothelium (p>0.05). Forced-swim induced subsensitivity to PHE in aortic rings with endothelium isolated from stressed rats (pD 2 = 6.89 ± 0.07; p<0.05) compared to the control group (pD 2 = 7.39 ± 0.06), without changes in aortic rings without endothelium. The in vitro inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis cancelled this subsensitivity. It is concluded that forced swim-induced-subsensitivity to PHE in thoracic aorta from rats seems to be caused by an increase in the activity of the endothelial nitric oxide system.394433439Bassani, R.A., De Moraes, S., Subsensitivity to beta adrenoceptor agonists in right atria isolated from footshock stressed rats (1987) Gen. Pharmacol., Oxford, 18 (5), pp. 473-477Bianchi, F.J., Tanno, A.P., Marcondes, F.K., Relação entre nivel de estresse e supersensibilidade à norepinefrina em ratas no proestro (2001) Rev. Bras. Ciênc. 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Pharmacol., Oxford, 30, pp. 79-83Delp, M.D., McAllister, R.M., Laughlin, M.H., Exercise training alters endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity of rat abdominal aorta (1993) J. Appl. Physiol., Bethesda, 75, pp. 1354-1363De Moraes, S., Carvalho, A.J., Cavalcante, M.T., Mathias, S.R., Relative hypoxia-induced contraction of the isolated human umbilical artery (1995) Pharmacol. & Toxicol., Copenhagen, 76, pp. 218-220Edwards, J.G., Tipton, C.M., Matthes, R.D., Influence of exercise training on reactivity and contractility of arterial strips from hypertensive rats (1985) J. Appl. Physiol., Bethesda, 58, pp. 1683-1688Feletou, M.W., Vanhoutte, P.M., Endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of canine coronary smooth muscle (1976) Br. J. Pharmacol., London, 93, pp. 515-524Flain, S.F., Hsieh, A.C.L., Effect of cold-acclimation on rabbit carotid artery: Altered response to norepinephrine (1978) Gen. 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Rev., Bethesda, 43, pp. 109-142Moura, M.J.C.S., De Moraes, S., Forced swim stress: Supersensitivity of the isolated rat pacemaker to the chronotropic effect of isoprenaline and the role of corticosterone (1994) Gen. Pharmacol., Oxford, 25, pp. 1341-1347Moura, M.J.C.S., Marcondes, F.K., Influence of estradiol and progesterone on the sensitivity of rat thoracic aorta to noradrenaline (2001) Life Sci., Oxford, 68 (8), pp. 881-888Navarro-Oliveira, C.M., Vassilieff, V.S., Cordellini, S., The sympathetic adrenomedullary system, but not the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, participates in aorta adaptive response to stress: Nitric oxide involvement (2000) Auton. Neurosci., Amsterdam, 83 (3), pp. 140-147Nourani, F.R.R., Spadari, R.C., De Moraes, S., Footshock stress-induced supersensitivity to isoprenaline in the isolated pacemaker of the rat: Effects of the compounds RU-38486 and RU-28362 (1992) Gen. 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Ther., Ghent, 143, pp. 229-230Yanagisawa, M., Kurihara, H., Kimura, S., Tomobe, Y., Kobayashi, M., Mitsue, Y., Yasaki, Y., Masaki, T., A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells (1988) Nature, London, 332, pp. 411-41

Pharmacological Evidence For β2-adrenoceptor In Right Atria From Stressed Female Rats

The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate a physiological response to TA2005, a potent β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) selective agonist, in right atria isolated from stressed female rats under the influence of the estrous cycle. We obtained concentration-response curves to the agonist in the presence and in the absence of selective antagonists in right atria isolated from female rats submitted to three daily foot-shock sessions (30 min duration, 120 pulses of 1.0 mA, 1.0 s, applied at random intervals of 5- 25 s) and sacrificed at estrus or diestrus. Our results showed that the pD2 values of TA2005 were not influenced by estrous cycle phase or foot-shock stress. However, in right atria from stressed rats sacrificed during diestins, the concentration-response curve to TA2005 was biphasic, with a response being obtained at concentrations of 0.1 nM, whereas during estrus no response was observed at doses lower than 3 nM. ICI118,551, a β2-AR antagonist, abolished the response to nanomolar concentrations of TA2005 in right atria from stressed rats at diestrus, with no changes in agonist pD2 values in right atria from control rats (7.47 ± 0.09, p > 0.05) but a 3-fold decrease in pD2 values of TA2005 in right atria from foot shock stressed rats (7.90 ± 0.07, p ≤ 0.05). Concentration-response curves to TA2005 in the presence of ICI118,551 were best fitted by a one-site model equation. The β1-AR antagonist, CGP20712A, shifted to the right only the second part of the concentration-response curves to the agonist, unmasking the putative β2-AR-mediated response to the agonist in tissues isolated from stressed rats at diestrus. Under this condition, concentration-response curves to the agonist were best fitted by a two-site model equation, pD2 and maximum response of TA2005 interaction with β1- and putative β2-adrenoceptor components were calculated. Schild analyses gave a pK(B) value for CGP20712A that was typical for the interaction with β1-AR in each experimental group, pK(B) values for ICI118,551 could not be obtained in stressed rats sacrificed at diestins since Schild plot slopes were lower than 1.0. In right atria from control rats, ICI118,551 pK(B) values were similar to reported values for the interaction of the antagonist with β1-AR. These results confirm that a heterogenous β1-AR population mediating the chronotropic response to catecholamines can be demonstrated in right atria from foot shock stressed female rats sacrificed at diestins. The stress-induced response seems to be mediated by the β2-AR subtype. Right atria from rats sacrificed during estrus are protected against stress-induced alterations on the homogeneity of β-AR population.776432440Aprigliano, O., Hermsmeyer, K., In vitro denervation of the portal vein and caudal artery of the rat (1976) J. Pharmacol. Exp. 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Nandrolone Administration Does Not Promote Hypertrophy Of Soleus Muscle In Rats [a Administração De Nandrolona Não Promove Hipertrofia Do Músculo Sóleo Em Ratos]

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are compounds formed from testosterone or one of its derivatives, which are largely used by amateur e professional athletes to improve the athletic performance. However, the scientific information about the relation between the use of AAS and muscle hypertrophy is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of testosterone and physical training on muscle hypertrophy. Male Wistar rats received i.m. injections of Deca-Durabolin® or vehicle during 6 weeks. Trained rats were submitted to a resistance physical training, by jumping up and down in water carrying an overload. Sedentary and trained animals were anesthetized and sacrificed. Soleus muscle was removed for the quantification of total protein and DNA concentration. In the end of the treatment, body weight of trained animals treated with vehicle or AAS was lower than the body weight of respective sedentary. Total protein concentration and the ratio muscle weight/body weight of all experimental groups were not altered. Trained group treated with AAS presented lower DNA concentration than trained group treated with vehicle. 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