Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity is on the increase worldwide including in many developing countries. There is no report on the magnitude of obesity among adults in Maiduguri, a major city in northeastern Nigeria.MATERIALS and METHODS: We selected a sample of 1650 men and women aged 15 years and above resident in Gwange ward in Maiduguri metropolitan council using a multistage sampling technique. Height, weight, waist (WC) and hip circumferences were measured. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. Data were analyzed using SPSS version13. The ethics committee of the Universityof Maiduguri Teaching Hospital approved the study and consent was sought individually from the participants before being enlisted.RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of the respondents was 36.2 (14.4) years, with a range of 15 to 70 years. The mean (SD) ages of the males and  females were 34.9 (14.3) and 38.9 (14.0) years, respectively, (p<0.001). The overall crude prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 27.1% and 17.1%, respectively. In men, 40.6% were either overweight or obese, while in women 51.9% were either overweight or obese. We observed thehighest prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in the middle age group. There were more obese females than males (14.05 vs. 4.3%) among both young and elderly (12.1% vs. 10.5%) subjects.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high in Maiduguri metropolis particularly among women. Concerted efforts should be made to curb the menace of increasing rate of obesity in the metropolis through public enlightenment on the risks associated with obesity and the benefits of adopting a healthy lifestyle.KEY WORDS: Overweight, Obesity, Prevalence, Maiduguri

Prevalence of microalbuminuria in untreated Nigerian hypertensive patients

The burden of cardiovascular disease imposed by hypertension is a result of target organ damage. Microalbuminuria (MA) is the first clinical expression of nephropathy and has become acardiovascular and/or renal disease prognostic indicator for hypertensive subjects. Objectives: To establish the prevalence of MA among newly diagnosed hypertensive patients using thesimple spot urine Albumin-Creatinine Ratio (ACR). Method: : One hundred and eighty six newly diagnosed hypertensive patients were enrolled for assessment of MA using spot urine ACR. Those with overt proteinuria, diabetes mellitus, overt kidney disease and other potential causes of albuminuria were excluded. Spot urine was obtained for measurement of albuminand creatinine. Anthropometric variables were measured and body mass index calculated. All patients had echocardiographic assessment. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 11.0 software. Multiple regression analysis was used in determining predictors of MA. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Results of 136 patients comprising of 66(48.53%) males and 70(51.47%) females was considered. The overall prevalence of microalbuminuria was 42.65%. Males had a prevalence of 51.52% compared to 34.27% for the females (p=0.29). Weight, BMI, LVM, LVMI, UAE, and ACR were significantly higher in patients with MA, whereas those without MA had a significantly higher urinary creatinine. Multiple regression analysis identified DBP, MAP, LVM and LVMI as significant predictors of increased urinary albumin excretion Microalbuminuria showed significant positive correlation with LVM and LVMI. Conclusion: The prevalence of microalbuminuria is high among untreated Nigerian hypertensive patients. The spot urine ACR provides a simple, accurate and cost effective way of identifying this high risk group of hypertensive patients, allowing for more aggressive treatment to reduce cardiovascular outcomes

Anthropometric correlates of insulin resistance: a study of healthy Nigerian adults in Maiduguri

Indices of obesity, especially abdominal adiposity have been shown to correlate positively with the components of the metabolic syndrome in several studies. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between anthropometric indices and insulin resistance in healthy subjects. Methods: A representative sample of 100 subjects aged 15 to 70 years was recruited for the study. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference were measured, while body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated for each participant. Fasting blood samples were drawn for plasma glucose and plasma insulin concentrations, respectively. The values obtained were used to calculate insulin resistance using the Homeostasis Model Assessment Method for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: Insulin resistance (IR) was found in 25(25%) of the study subjects. There were significant andpositive correlations between waist circumference and HOMA-IR (r=+0.20, p<0.05), as well as between BMI and HOMA-IR(r=+0.19, p<0.05).Both anthropometric indices however, only predicted 4.1% and 3.9% of the variation in HOMA-IR, respectively. The correlation between WHR and HOMA-IR was positive but non-significant (r=+0.12, p>0.05). Conclusion: Waist circumference exhibited the strongest correlation with HOMA-IR, closely followed by BMI and WHR. We recommend that measurement of waist circumference should continue to be used as a screening tool for identifying individuals with insulin resistance in our setting

Seroprevalence of IgG anti- T. Gondii antibody among HIV-infected patients in Maiduguri, north eastern Nigeria.

Background: Toxoplasma gondii infection is one of the commonest opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients, with the fatal consequences of toxoplasmic encephalitis particularly in advanced disease. However, data regarding T.gondii infection in the setting of HIV/AIDS are scant in Nigeria. Objective: To determine the seroprevalence of T.gondii amongst HIV-infected patients as well as to determine the correlation between anti-T.gondii IgG titre and the CD4+ cell count/HIV-1 RNA viral load. Method: A cross sectional study in which a total of 190 subjects were involved i.e. 110 newly diagnosed HAART naïve HIV-positive patients and 80 apparently healthy HIV-negative age- and-sex matched controls that were selected by simple random sampling method. Results: The age range of the study population was 20-64 years. The mean ages of male subjects for both HIV-positives and controls were 37.52 ±8.20 years and 35.79 ±12.31years, respectively, (p= 0.462). On the other hand, the mean ages of female subjects for both HIV-positives and controls were 29.90 ±6.98 years and 32.30 ±10.29 years, respectively, (p=0.149). Twenty one subjects (19.1%) among HIV-positives and 1 (1.25%) HIV-negative tested positive for anti-T.gondii IgG, respectively, (p= 0.000). The prevalence rate ration of anti-T. gondii IgG of HIV positives compared to HIVnegatives was 15.28. Significant proportion of anti-T.gondii positive subjects presented with AIDS defining illnesses compared with their anti-T.gondii negative counterparts. Conclusion:The study has shown that anti-T.gondii IgG is about 15 times more prevalent among HIV positive patients compared to controls. Routine screening for T.gondii IgG anti-body is therefore recommended for all HIV-infected subjects at the facility as well as commencement of chemoprophylaxis against Toxoplasmic encephalitis in HIV-infected patients with CD4+ cell count of <100 cells/ml

Marken - Marken, Aanlegsteiger

Onderzoeksrappor

NADT rapport 2

Bureauonderzoek Waterbodems: Verdieping van het Veerse Meer ter hoogte van Zeilschool de Viking, Zandkreekweg 8/9 te Wolphaartsdijk, gemeente Goe

An analysis of the presence and forms of maritme aspects in the educational lives of children between the age of 5 - 16 in England and the Netherlands.

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the MA in Maritime Archaeology by instructional course

Side Scan Sonar onderzoek naar het St. Odulfusklooster

Coördinaten in graden: 52° 53’ 59,999” (lengte in graden minuten seconden, decimale seconden) 05º 59’ 59,999” (breedte) Datum einde onderzoek: november 2006 projectmedewerkers:M. Burger, F. Talle, B. Valstar en P. van Waalwijk van Door

ADText 3 Sonar en Duikonderzoek wrak 'Block van Kuffeler'

Coordinaten: X: 0144606.11 Y: 0495900.59 Datum einde onderzoek: 2006-11 Projectmedewerkers: M. Burger, F. Talle, R. Strotbaum en B. Valstar Complextype(n): 2 scheepswrak Datering: Diversen