La apariencia real y la realidad olvidada

La escenografía de la fiesta es utilizada por el Absolutismo y la Contrarreforma para transmitir consignas de comportamiento, ética y valores, a una población que difícilmente podrá oponer resistencia. En el XVII Granada –ciudad ávida de un pasado cristiano que justifi que la expulsión morisca– en una España exhausta por guerras que defi endan el poder de su monarquía –justificadas en la defensa de la fe–, resulta paradigmática. La ciudad se transforma «a lo divino», el milagro o manifestación divina se hace tangible y la barrera entre el bien y el mal queda perfectamente definida: a los súbditos solo les queda un camino.The scenery of the feast is used by Absolutism and the Counter-Reformation to transmit instructions of behavior, ethics and values, to a population who difficultly will be able to object resistance. In the seventeenth century, Granada – city eager for a Christian past that justifies the Moriscos expulsion – in a Spain exhausted by wars to defend the power of its monarchy – justified in the defense of the faith –, it turns out to be paradigmatic. The city transforms in a «sacred» way, the miracle or divine manifestation becomes tangible and the barrier between good and evil is perfectly defined: For the subjects there is only one path

Non-scattering Metasurface-bound Cavities for Field Localization, Enhancement, and Suppression

We propose and analyse metasurface-bound invisible (non-scattering) partially open cavities where the inside field distribution can be engineered. It is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally that the cavities exhibit unidirectional invisibility at the operating frequency with enhanced or suppressed field at different positions inside the cavity volume. Several examples of applications of the designed cavities are proposed and analyzed, in particular, cloaking sensors and obstacles, enhancement of emission, and "invisible waveguides". The non-scattering mode excited in the proposed cavity is driven by the incident wave and resembles an ideal bound state in the continuum of electromagnetic frequency spectrum. In contrast to known bound states in the continuum, the mode can stay localized in the cavity infinitely long, provided that the incident wave illuminates the cavity

Identification of antimicrobial peptides in the gonad of European sea bass males and females

In vertebrates, the gonad is considered an immunologically privileged site as it triggers lower immune responses aiming to avoid germ cell damage. In fish,several studies reported that leucocytes show conditioned immune response and modulate some reproductive functions, allowing the pathogen to establish chronic and latent infections into reproductive organs. In mammals, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have recently been recognised as important effectors in male reproductive tract immunity. In fish, AMPs are increasingly recognized as a critical first line of defence against many pathogens as bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoa and even tumour cells. We have recently determined that the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) gonad showed antimicrobial activity and constitutively expressed different AMPs genes previously characterized in the immune response. However, it is possible that gonadal specific AMPs play an important role in gonad immune responses, as occurs in mammals. The present study is an attempt to identify and characterize molecules having antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi, from the gonad of mature European sea bass males and females. Our results show a very different profile of active AMPs between sexes, suggesting the existence of different AMPs in males and females. However, further characterization of isolated peptides is needed to fully characterize the molecules and determine their role upon infection

Evaluation of waterborne exposure to heavy metals in innate immune defences present on skin mucus of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

Aquatic animals are continuously exposed to chemical pollutants but the effects evoked in mucins and the carbohydrate nature of the glycoproteins in the unicellular glands in fish epidermis skin surfaces, which receive the most direct contact with them, has not been fully studied and characterized. Moreover, microorganisms use lectins to recognize and bind to host terminal carbohydrates to facilitate the infection whilst host lectins bind to pathogen carbohydrates to exert protective effector functions, such as agglutination, immobilization, and complement-mediated opsonization and killing of potential pathogens. Thus, terminal carbohydrate composition and the presence of a fucose binding lectin (FBL) were determined by lectin ELISA and western blot, respectively, in skin mucus of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) specimens exposed to waterborne sublethal dosages of heavy metals [arsenic (As2O3), cadmium (CdCl2) and mercury (CH3HgCl) at 5, 5 and 0.04 μM, respectively] after 2, 10 and 30 days. Results showed little effects of heavy metals in the presence of several terminal carbohydrates with few increments or decrements depending on the sugars, exposure time and heavy metal studied. Moreover, the FBL was undetected in any of the control fish skin mucus but was evident in all the heavy metal exposed fish. Further studies are needed to understand the relation of terminal carbohydrates and lectins in skin mucus fish defense and the implications during contamination exposu

Multiple putative oncogenes at the chromosome 20q amplicon contribute to colorectal adenoma to carcinoma progression

Objective: This study aimed to identify the oncogenes at 20q involved in colorectal adenoma to carcinoma progression by measuring the effect of 20q gain on mRNA expression of genes in this amplicon. Methods: Segmentation of DNA copy number changes on 20q was performed by array CGH (comparative genomic hybridisation) in 34 non-progressed colorectal adenomas, 41 progressed adenomas (ie, adenomas that present a focus of cancer) and 33 adenocarcinomas. Moreover, a robust analysis of altered expression of genes in these segments was performed by microarray analysis in 37 adenomas and 31 adenocarcinomas. Protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. Results: The genes C20orf24, AURKA, RNPC1, TH1L, ADRM1, C20orf20 and TCFL5, mapping at 20q, were significantly overexpressed in carcinomas compared with adenomas as a consequence of copy number gain of 20q. Conclusion: This approach revealed C20orf24, AURKA, RNPC1, TH1L, ADRM1, C20orf20 and TCFL5 genes to be important in chromosomal instability-related adenoma to carcinoma progression. These genes therefore may serve as highly specific biomarkers for colorectal cancer with potential clinical applications

A construção da identidade docente do professor de Espanhol como Língua Estrangeira: o conhecimento no processo de identificação docente

Favorecer la creación de una identidad docente desde la formación inicial y desde los procesos de construcción de conocimiento que los programas de formación facilitan, resulta crucial para el futuro profesor y su desarrollo profesional continuo. El presente artículo analiza la evolución de la identidad docente de 22 profesores de Español como Lengua Extranjera en formación inicial, y el rol que la construcción del conocimiento del profesor tiene en dicho proceso durante una secuencia de actividades reflexivas basadas en el microteaching o microenseñanza. La investigación presentada en este texto es de índole cualitativo y de enfoque etnográfico, basándose en el análisis de 44 reflexiones escritas y 161 intervenciones de los participantes en foros de discusión, las cuales giran alrededor de las grabaciones llevadas a cabo en la secuencia de microenseñanza. Los resultados apuntan a que dicha secuencia favorece la reflexión individual y compartida en los futuros profesores, además de un proceso de evolución de las autopercepciones como profesionales. El conocimiento pedagógico es el que tiene el mayor peso en el desarrollo de estas primeras construcciones de identidad docente, mientras que el conocimiento práctico y el de la materia pierden importancia a medida que los profesores comienzan a experimentar en el aula

Valoración del grado de dependencia de los pacientes mayores de 75 años que ingresan en la unidad de traumatología

Ageing of the population has been one of the most important social transformations in the last third of the twentieth century. A reality associated with ageing is that the number of dependent people increases with age. As a result, there is increased demand for care in chronic and degenerative processes.We conducted a cross sectional study which aimed to measure the degree of dependency of patients that were admitted to the orthopaedic surgery/ Trauma Unit , General Yagüe Hospital in Burgos when the patient was older than 75 years. We observed dependence when leaving the hospital with medical discharge. Data collection was from January to June 2009To value the functional dependence we used Barthel's Index. In addition, we gathered epidemiological variables, the medical precedents and the information about the admission. We used the clinical history and the information obtained from our health care assistance.We performed an analysis of the data, and used an SPSS statistical package. The findings show that age and degree of dependence when the patient is discharged is significant, with same behaviour being appreciated with other variables. In the case of fractures, the evolution is positive in the Barthel Index, osteoarthritis is negative and there were no changes in other pathologies (dislocations, infections...)Healthcare professionals should provide quality care through our clinical and teaching work, and thus improve the patient's living habits and encourage their independence. Our study is useful if we apply care from the patient being admitted through to discharge in coordination with other levels of care.El envejecimiento de la población, constituye una de las transformaciones sociales más importantes del último tercio del pasado siglo. Una realidad asociada al envejecimiento es que el número de personas con dependencia aumenta con la edad, derivándose de ello el aumento de la demanda de cuidados por procesos crónicos y degenerativos que lleva asociados.Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, con el objetivo de medir el grado de dependencia que presenta al ingreso el paciente mayor de 75 años, en la Unidad de Traumatología del Hospital General Yagüe de Burgos y el grado de dependencia con el que abandona el hospital al alta; el período de recogida de datos se efectuó entre enero y junio de 2009.Para valorar la dependencia funcional utilizamos el Índice de Barthel, además recogimos las variables epidemiológicas, los antecedentes médicos y los datos del ingreso, utilizamos la historia clínica y los datos obtenidos de nuestra labor asistencial. Se realizó análisis de los datos, empleando el paquete estadístico SPSS, encontrando que la edad y el grado de dependencia al alta son estadísticamente significativos, apreciando el mismo comportamiento con otras variables. En el caso de las fracturas constatamos una evolución positiva del Índice de Barthel, negativa en artrosis y sin modificaciones en otras patologías (luxaciones, infecciones…).Los profesionales de enfermería debemos proporcionar cuidados de calidad, mediante nuestra labor asistencial y docente para mejorar los hábitos de vida del paciente y ayudar a su autonomía. Creemos que el estudio es útil para aplicar cuidados al ingreso y la continuidad de los mismos al alta en coordinación con otros niveles asistenciale

El microteaching como secuencia didáctica: inicios de los procesos reflexivos en la formación de los profesores de ELE

The development of reflective practice in pre-service teacher education is a necessary action for the construction of teaching competences. The implementation of microteaching activities has been considered a good option in order to encourage prospective teachers to reflect towards their own perception as teachers. This article describes a practical experience with the aim of developing reflective practice based on a microteaching activity using the ICT tool Video Enhanced Observation (VEO). The use of this digital tool allowed the microteaching activity to generate reflection from and among pre-service teachers, who were able to reflect about their starting teaching practice, and consequently, to develop their teaching competences