Identification of Risk Factors for Myopia Questionnaire in the Malay Language among Primary School Children in Malaysia

Introduction: This study aimed to develop a questionnaire in Malay language for the identification of risk factors for myopia among primary school children aged 10 to 12 years old in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: The study commenced in October 2012 till Julai 2013 in two main phases. The first phase was a pilot study for the construction of questionnaire items by literature review and discussion with the experts. A total of 103 parents of primary school children were randomly selected to test the comprehensibility of the preliminary questionnaire. The second phase was the actual study which involved parents of 353 primary school children , 132 were parents whose children were myopes and 221 parents whose children were nonmyopes. Results: Discussions with experts in human vision science identified 5 main domains and 71 items for the preliminary questionnaire. A total of 55 items were retained for the actual study phase in view of statistically good correlation (r = 0.4 and above). Predictive validity by chi-square test allowed 28 items to be retained because of significant association with myopia (p <0.05). The correlation coefficient of testretest reliability result was considerably good (r = 0.765) and the validity in 2 categories of risk for myopia showed highly significant predictive validity of the questionnaire (p = 0.000). Conclusion: The developed Malay language questionnaire has good reliability and validity to identify the risk factors for myopia among primary school children in Malaysia

Analisis Pengaruh Growth, Posisi Kas, Likuiditas, Debt To Equity Ratio, Profitabilitas Terhadap Devidend Payout Ratio (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2013-2015)

This study aims at analyzing the effect of growth, cash position, liquidity, debt to equity ratio, and profitability to dividend payout ratio in the annual report of manufacturing companies listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2015. The population of the study are manufacturing companies listed in the Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI) from 2013 to 2015. The sample of the research are 36 companies which were gathered through purposive sampling with 3 years observation. Therefore, the total sample of this study are 108. The data that have been collected were analyzed using the classical assumption test. In addition, the hypothesis were tested using multiple linear regression methods with t-test, F test, and coefficient of determination. The results of the study show that the variable of debt to equity ratio, and profitability affect the disclosure of dividend payout ratio. Meanwhile, the variable growth, cash position, and liquidity do not affect the disclosure of dividend payout ratio. Keywords: Dividend Payout Ratio, Growth, Cash Position, Liquidity, Debt to Equity Ratio, Profitability

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Current status and future perspectives

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioural syndrome of childhood onset. It can be diagnosed by a competent paediatric neuropsychiatrist, although a multidisciplinary team approach is preferable. As yet, there is no single treatment strategy proven to cure this syndrome and no long-lasting documented effects once the adopted line of treatment is withdrawn. A combined therapeutic approach that includes pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical treatments is used in the management of ADHD in the developed countries – an approach that cannot be used in the developing countries, which do not have well structured health services. The need for further research is paramount, as a deeper understanding of the complex neural network is an important preliminary step. This article argues that multiple paradoxes found within the concept of ADHD will open new horizons in the aetiopathogenesis, molecular basis and treatment approaches of this syndrome. </jats:p

Identification of Risk Factors for Myopia Questionnaire in the Malay Language among Primary School Children in Malaysia

Introduction: This study aimed to develop a questionnaire in Malay language for the identification of risk factors for myopia among primary school children aged 10 to 12 years old in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: The study commenced in October 2012 till Julai 2013 in two main phases. The first phase was a pilot study for the construction of questionnaire items by literature review and discussion with the experts. A total of 103 parents of primary school children were randomly selected to test the comprehensibility of the preliminary questionnaire. The second phase was the actual study which involved parents of 353 primary school children , 132 were parents whose children were myopes and 221 parents whose children were nonmyopes. Results: Discussions with experts in human vision science identified 5 main domains and 71 items for the preliminary questionnaire. A total of 55 items were retained for the actual study phase in view of statistically good correlation (r = 0.4 and above). Predictive validity by chi-square test allowed 28 items to be retained because of significant association with myopia (p &lt;0.05). The correlation coefficient of testretest reliability result was considerably good (r = 0.765) and the validity in 2 categories of risk for myopia showed highly significant predictive validity of the questionnaire (p = 0.000). Conclusion: The developed Malay language questionnaire has good reliability and validity to identify the risk factors for myopia among primary school children in Malaysia.</jats:p