Fostering a Trauma Informed Mindset in the Criminal Justice System: An Evaluation of the Take Care Delaware Program

Fostering a Trauma Informed Mindset in the Criminal Justice System Lauren Ledford, Mary Jo Oliver M.S., Meredith Jordan, Chloe Salyer, Adam Walker, Andrea D. Clements Ph.D. The presence of early childhood adversity and trauma is disproportionately high in individuals involved with the criminal justice system compared to the non-criminally involved population. Childhood adversity and trauma is consistently linked to many adverse lifelong outcomes such as increased mortality, increased risk of mental illness, and increased risk of substance use disorder. In order to respond to this increased risk, empathy and community-wide interventions have emerged as effective means of responding and resisting re-traumatization. Community and empathy-based training of law enforcement officials may assist in understanding trauma and combatting its effects as they are often some of the first people to come in contact with individuals experiencing the effects of childhood adversity and trauma. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) training for police officers in their ability to have knowledge of, believe to be relevant, understand, feel confident implementing, and apply TIC principles. We hypothesized knowledge, relevance, understanding, implementation confidence, and application of TIC would all increase from pre-assessment to post-assessment. As part of an initiative to increase TIC awareness and implementation, 64 police officers participated in a one-day training that began with a pre-survey and ended with a post-survey. Both surveys contained measures concerning TIC knowledge, relevance, understanding, implementation confidence, and application. The post survey also included an additional measure regarding training quality satisfaction. The sample consisted primarily of White (N = 44), middle-aged males (M = 42.27, SD = 8.588). There was a significant difference between TIC knowledge t(56) = -4.593, p\u3c.001, d = 1.096, TIC relevance t(56) = -2.488, p = .016, d = .912, TIC understanding t(56) = -8.611, p \u3c.001, d = 2.932, and implementation confidence t(56)= -5.942, p \u3c.001, d = 1.326 from the pre to post assessment. However, there was not a significant difference between TIC application t(56) = -1.826, p = .073, d = .585 from pre to post assessment. The consistently significant increase in TIC scores indicate that a TIC training is an effective means of improving officer perception of trauma and willingness to implement TIC practices

Recyclable, strong thermosets and organogels via paraformaldehyde condensation with diamines

Nitrogen-based thermoset polymers have many industrial applications (for example, in composites), but are difficult to recycle or rework. We report a simple one-pot, low-temperature polycondensation between paraformaldehyde and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) that forms hemiaminal dynamic covalent networks (HDCNs), which can further cyclize at high temperatures, producing poly(hexahydrotriazine)s (PHTs). Both materials are strong thermosetting polymers, and the PHTs exhibited very high Young's moduli (up to ∼14.0 gigapascals and up to 20 gigapascals when reinforced with surface-treated carbon nanotubes), excellent solvent resistance, and resistance to environmental stress cracking. However, both HDCNs and PHTs could be digested at low pH (<2) to recover the bisaniline monomers. By simply using different diamine monomers, the HDCN- and PHT-forming reactions afford extremely versatile materials platforms. For example, when poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diamine monomers were used to form HDCNs, elastic organogels formed that exhibited self-healing properties

Recyclable, strong thermosets and organogels via paraformaldehyde condensation with diamines

Nitrogen-based thermoset polymers have many industrial applications (for example, in composites), but are difficult to recycle or rework. We report a simple one-pot, low-temperature polycondensation between paraformaldehyde and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) that forms hemiaminal dynamic covalent networks (HDCNs), which can further cyclize at high temperatures, producing poly(hexahydrotriazine)s (PHTs). Both materials are strong thermosetting polymers, and the PHTs exhibited very high Young's moduli (up to ∼14.0 gigapascals and up to 20 gigapascals when reinforced with surface-treated carbon nanotubes), excellent solvent resistance, and resistance to environmental stress cracking. However, both HDCNs and PHTs could be digested at low pH (&lt;2) to recover the bisaniline monomers. By simply using different diamine monomers, the HDCN- and PHT-forming reactions afford extremely versatile materials platforms. For example, when poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diamine monomers were used to form HDCNs, elastic organogels formed that exhibited self-healing properties.</p

Efeito do genótipo e do sexo sobre a composição química e o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de cordeiros Effect of genotype and sex on chemical composition and fatty acid profile of sheep meat

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do sexo e do genótipo sobre a composição centesimal e o perfil de ácidos graxos do músculo Semimembranosus (SM) de ovinos submetidos às mesmas condições de confinamento. Foram utilizados 12 cordeiros, quatro machos inteiros e quatro fêmeas da raça Santa Inês (SI) e quatro machos inteiros mestiços ½ Santa Inês x ½ Dorper (SI-D). A raça e o sexo não influenciaram a composição centesimal da carne dos cordeiros. No entanto, as concentrações de fósforo e cálcio diferiram significativamente quando considerados estes dois fatores. Os ácidos graxos encontrados em maior quantidade na fração lipídica da carne dos animais foram o oléico, o palmítico e o esteárico. Houve efeito do sexo sobre o perfil dos ácidos graxos monoinsaturados na carne dos animais Santa Inês. O perfil de ácidos graxos de mestiços machos SI-D comprovou melhor valor nutricional da carne, pelo maior percentual de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados, pela maior relação AGPI/AGS e pela menor relação w6:w3.<br>The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sex and genotype (breed) on the composition and fatty acid profile of the semimembranosus (SM) muscle of feedlot sheep. Four Santa Inês (SI) males, four SI females, and four ½ Santa Inês x ½ Dorper (SI-D) males were used in this trial. Neither breed nor sex significantly affected the chemical composition of meat. However, the meat contents of phosphorus and calcium were both significantly changed by breed and sex. Oleic, palmitc, and stearic were the fatty acids found in larger amounts in the intramuscular fat of lamb meat in this study. There was a significant effect of sex on the profile of unsaturated fatty acids within the SI breed. The fatty acid profile of meat from SI-D sheep showed greater nutritional value because of the highest content of PUFA and PUFA/SFA ratio and the lowest w6:w3 ratio