The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

Morphology and texture of pulse plated zinc–cobalt alloy

Pulse electrodeposition was used to produce zinc–cobalt (Zn–Co) alloy deposits from an alkaline noncyanide electrolyte with and without additives. The influence of additives’ concentration and pulse parameters, such as ON-time (TON), OFF-time (TOFF), and pulse peak current density (IP) on the surface morphology, grain size, composition and crystal orientation were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic forced microscope (AFM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray fluorescence (XRF),X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively.At constant TOFF and IP, cobalt content in the deposits decreases with TON and cluster size increases. Increase in TOFF at constant TON and IP, decreases the cluster growth with increase in cobalt content. The same trend was observed with increasing IP (without additives) at constant TON and TOFF. The presence of additives at 7Adm−2 drastically decreases the cobalt content in the deposits from 2.5 to 0.7 wt.%. Co and the preferred crystallographic orientation was [10.1] at 69.1% as confirmed by XRD

Structural and textural study of electrodeposited zinc from alkaline non-cyanide electrolyte

Pulse electrodeposition was used to produce zinc deposits from an alkaline non-cyanide electrolyte with additives. The influence of additives’ concentration and pulse parameters, such as ON-time, OFF-time, and pulse peak current density on the grain size, surface morphology, and crystal orientation were investigated. In an additive free electrolyte, increase in OFF-time at constant ON-time and peak current density decreases the grain size while the latter increases with increasing ON-time at constant OFFtime and peak current density. A progressive decrease of grain size was observed with increasing peak current density up to 5 Adm-2 at constant ON-time and OFF-time in both additive-free electrolyte and bath containing additives. Zinc with an average crystallite size of 34 nm was obtained at 5 Adm-2 from electrolyte containing additives. The preferred orientation of the zinc deposits obtained at 6 ms (ON-time), 51.5 ms (OFF-time) and 5 Adm-2 (peak current density) with electrolyte containing additives was prismatic [10.0] plane

Not Available

Not AvailableRegular vaccinations with potent vaccine, in endemic countries and vaccination to live in non-endemic countries are the methods available to control foot-and-mouth disease. Selection of candidate vaccine strain is not only cumbersome but the candidate should grow well for high potency vaccine preparation. Alternative strategy is to generate an infectious cDNA of a cell culture-adapted virus and use the replicon for development of tailor-made vaccines. We produced a chimeric ‘O’ virus in the backbone of Asia 1 and studied its characteristics. The chimeric virus showed high infectivity titre (>1010) in BHK 21 cell lines, revealed small plaque morphology and there was no cross reactivity with antiserum against Asia 1. The virus multiplies rapidly and reaches peak at 12 h post infection. The vaccine prepared with this virus elicited high antibody titres.Not Availabl