The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the international space station: Part II — Results from the first seven years

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) is a precision particle physics detector on the International Space Station (ISS) conducting a unique, long-duration mission of fundamental physics research in space. The physics objectives include the precise studies of the origin of dark matter, antimatter, and cosmic rays as well as the exploration of new phenomena. Following a 16-year period of construction and testing, and a precursor flight on the Space Shuttle, AMS was installed on the ISS on May 19, 2011. In this report we present results based on 120 billion charged cosmic ray events up to multi-TeV energies. This includes the fluxes of positrons, electrons, antiprotons, protons, and nuclei. These results provide unexpected information, which cannot be explained by the current theoretical models. The accuracy and characteristics of the data, simultaneously from many different types of cosmic rays, provide unique input to the understanding of origins, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic rays.</p

Refined-compression field theory for thin low-reinforced sandwich panels subjected to reversed cyclic horizontal loads

Refinements to modified compression-field theory has been recently proposed in order to better predict the behaviour of reinforced concrete members subjected to in-plane shear and axial stresses, leading to the so-called refined-compression field theory, RCFT. This theory is based on the continuum mechanic approach, i.e. satisfy compatibility, equilibrium and constitutive equations in terms of average (i.e. \u201csmeared\u201d) stresses and strains. The original refinement proposed by RCFT, with respect to the two fundamental theories for reinforced concrete member subjected to shear, i.e. the Modified Compression-Field Theory, MCFT, and the Rotating-Angle Softened Truss Model, RA-STM, deals with the introduction of an embedded bar model based on the tension stiffening in concrete. In this paper further refinements are proposed with reference to two different typologies of thin low-reinforced sandwich panels subjected to reversed cyclic lateral loads: (a) reinforced concrete sandwich panels produced by \u201cNydion Costruzioni s.p.a.\u201d; (b) cement-stucco plastered straw bale walls; a total of 4 full-scale \u201cNydion panels\u201d and 3 full-scale straw-bale walls were tested. The predictions of the RCFT are compared with the experimental data as well as with the predictions given by the MCFT and RA-STM