Framework for Interoperable and Distributed Extraction-Transformation-Loading (ETL) Based on Service Oriented Architecture

Extraction. Transformation and Loading (ETL) are the major functionalities in data warehouse (DW) solutions. Lack of component distribution and interoperability is a gap that leads to many problems in the ETL domain, which is due to tightly-coupled components in the current ETL framework. This research discusses how to distribute the Extraction, Transformation and Loading components so as to achieve distribution and interoperability of these ETL components. In addition, it shows how the ETL framework can be extended. To achieve that, Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is adopted to address the mentioned missing features of distribution and interoperability by restructuring the current ETL framework. This research contributes towards the field of ETL by adding the distribution and inter- operability concepts to the ETL framework. This Ieads to contributions towards the area of data warehousing and business intelligence, because ETL is a core concept in this area. The Design Science Approach (DSA) and Scrum methodologies were adopted for achieving the research goals. The integration of DSA and Scrum provides the suitable methods for achieving the research objectives. The new ETL framework is realized by developing and testing a prototype that is based on the new ETL framework. This prototype is successfully evaluated using three case studies that are conducted using the data and tools of three different organizations. These organizations use data warehouse solutions for the purpose of generating statistical reports that help their top management to take decisions. Results of the case studies show that distribution and interoperability can be achieved by using the new ETL framework

Mineral composition of some spices consumed in Kano State – Nigeria

The mineral composition of seven different spices samples viz: Ajwain (Carium Capticum), Black pepper (Capsium nigrum), Cinnamon (Cinnamonum Zylaicum), Cardamon (Elliteria Cardamomum), Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), Cloves (Eugenia Caryophillis or Syzguim aromaticum), Coriander (Coriandium sativum), consumed in Kano State were analysed. The mineral elements analyzed are K, Na+, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd. The results revealed that, the spices also appears to contain relatively high mineral contents K (443.73-7364.01μg/g), Na (138.15-895.35μg/g), Mg (199.55- 651.51μg/g), Ca (129.71-291.07μg/g), Fe (155.44-279.53μg/g), Zn (71.9-299.76μg/g), Cu(7.72μg/g), except for toxic metal Pb and Cd that were not detected. The nutritional contribution of these spices apart from flavouring, medicinal agents is also discussed

Evaluation of heavy metals contamination in some irrigated vegetables from Kano, Nigeria

The content of Pb and Cr in some vegetables (viz lettuce, onion, carrot, tomato, pepper and amaranthus) grown on irrigated farm lands in the vicinity of Sharada industrial waste water drainage basin at Kaba village, Challawa, Kano, Challawa-Yandanko rivers and Thomas Dam, Danbatta, Kano, Nigeria were evaluated. It is situated at 8o 29` 42” to 8o 30` 54” E longitude and 11o 5`18” to 11o 5` 54” N latitude, also 8o 30` 18” to 8o 31` 30”E Longitude and 12o 17` 6” to 12o 16` 30”N Latitude. The objectives have been mainly to determine Cr, and Pb in edible parts of these vegetable samples which were frequently consumed by people in Kano and other parts of Nigeria in order to compare the heavy metals contents with the results obtained in analogous studies carried out in relation to the permissible limits specified by WHO/FAO, standards. Samples of vegetable were obtained in the dry season for the year 2018 from upstream and downstream portion of the sample sites. Analyses for the concentration of these heavy metals (Pb and Cr) were conducted by the use of Mass plama-Atomic Emission spectrometry (MP-AES) method. The Data obtained were expressed in terms of descriptive statistics while the figures were presented with mean values of three replicates. The statistical significance was computed using pair samples T-test to test the variation among the heavy metals in the vegetables and sites with a software JMP4 version 14. Results for the study indicated that concentration values of Pb (0.71-8.39 mgkg-1) and (Cr 9.58-28.30 mgkg-1) were higher than WHO/FAO maximum permissible limits for (Pb 0.3mgkg-1) and (Cr 2.3mgkg-1). The two way Anova test showed significant differences by farming site, vegetable type and their interaction. Furthermore, the study revealed that some areas of the sample site were more polluted by a particular metal than the other due to the revealing and anthropogenic activities such as the use of untreated industrial and municipal effluents, pesticides, fertilizer supplements for irrigation purposes in the area. Therefore, consumers of these vegetables run the risk of health problems like elevated blood pressure, developmental and neuro-behavioural effects on fetuses, in infants and children, cardiovascular, tubular dysfunction in kidneys and nervous disorders due the elevated concentrations of Cr and Pb in the vegetables.Keywords: Effluent, Heavy metals, Kano, Nigeria, Vegetable

Serum sodium and potassium levels in pregnant women from Minjibir local government, Kano – Nigeria

Blood samples collected from one hundred and twenty(120) pregnant women attending ante-natal care services in Minjibir General Hospital, Minjibir local government of Kano State and fourty(40) non-pregnant women as control were analysed for serum Na and K levels. The level of sodium in the blood samples range from 122mmol/L to 151mmol/L. The amount of potassium varied from 2.4mmol/L to 5.2mmol/L. The results show disturbance in the electrolytes in some of the pregnant women as the levels were not within the normal range (Na: 135mmol/L - 145mmol/L and K: 3.5 – 5.0mmol/L). The disturbance may be due to some reasons such as vomitting, low fluid intake, drugs and malnutrition

Quantitative analysis of caffeine in some selected brands of energy drinks available in Kano State Nigeria

This research work was aimed to determine the pH and level of caffeine in some selected brands of energy drinks available in Kano state, Nigeria. Different brands of these products were purchased from different shops in Kano metropolis. Caffeine was carefully extracted from each product and analysed by ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that the caffeine content of the energy drinks ranged from 34.65 to 40.88mg/100mL. Like-wise the mean pH of carbonated energy drinks were highly acidic ranging from 2.99±0.017 to 3.98±0.012, The reason behind the low pH values in carbonated drinks could be as a result of the presence of carbon (iv) oxide gas and other acids such as phosphoric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, citric acid and tartaric acid used as preservatives by the manufacturers of these product.Keywords: Energy drinks, Caffeine, pH, Kano- Nigeri

Quantification of total phenolic and flavonoid contents in Cassia Tora and Laptedenia Hastata leaves from seven irrigation areas of Kano State Nigeria

The aim of this work was to quantify the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) of Cassia tora and laptadeniahastata vegetables consumed in Kano state, Nigeria. Presence of TPC in the leaves of cassia tora and Laptadiniahastata from different sampling areas are as follows: Bebeji sample had 4.41±0.02 mg/g gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 15.69 ±0.01mg/g GAE, Chalawa sample had 3.41±0.09 mg/g GAE and 6.479±0.036 mg/g GAE, Minjibir sample had 4.72±0.07 mg/g GAE and 7.33±0.03 mg/g GAE, Tudun Wada sample had 5.16±0.09 mg/g GAE and 2.583±0.036mg/g GAE, Garun Malam sample had 5.39±0.03 mg/g GAE and 5.33±0.07 mg/g GAE,Kura sample had 4.5±.01 mg/g GAE and 7.542±0.072 mg/g GAE),Tiga sample had 5.62±0.01mg/g GAE and 14.00±0.132 mg/g GAE respectively whereas, TFC are :Bebeji sample had 17.68±0.01mg/g rutin equivalent (RE) and 6.725±0.06 mg/g RE, Chalawa sample had 10.35±0.04 mg/g RE and 6.392±0.034 mg/g RE ,Minjibir sample had 11.23±0.09 mg/g RE and 5.42±0.03 mg/g RE, Tudun Wada sample had 9.96±0.07 mg/g RE and 6.35±0.02 mg/g RE, Garun Malam sample 16.82±0.04 mg/g RE and 6.52.0.04 mg/g RE, Kura sample had 14.37±0.07 mg/g RE and 6.56±0.03 mg/g RE), Tiga sample had 22.64±0.09 mg/g RE and 5.88±0.42 mg/g RE respectively. Based on the results of this investigation, it can be concluded that Cassia tora and Laptadeniahastata are rich sources of phenolic compounds which are natural antioxidant of high value.Keywords: Cassia tora, laptedenia hastata, leaves, phenolic,flavonoi

Levels of total phenolic and flavonoids in Abelmoschus esculentus L. from some irrigation areas of Kano state-Nigeria

Vegetables are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, glucosinolates, vitamin C and their hydrolysis products which may have antioxidant and anticancer properties .This study was carried out to assess the level of total phenolic and flavonoids in selected vegetables from different sampling areas of Kano state-Nigeria. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the extracts were  determined by Rhodanine and AlCl3  reagents and their amount calculated as gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and rutin  equivalent (RE) fresh weight respectively, using UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The result show that, the levels of total Phenolics and Flavonoid contents in okra (AbelmoschusesculentusL) vegetable samples among seven different sampling areas (ʋiz: Bebeji, Kura, Tiga, Minjibir, Tudun Wada, Garun Malam and Chalawa) of Kano-state, Nigeria were determined. Levels of Total phenolic content ranged from 33.33 ± 0.02 to 22.07±0.02 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of fresh matter and for flavanoid ranged from 29.97±0.03 to 10.97±0.01 mg of rutin equivalent per gram of fresh matter. The highest content of total phenolic in Okra was found in Bebeji sample and highest content of flavonoid was found in Minjibir sample. The results obtained revealed that, the Okra samples analyzed are potential sources of the bioactive compounds analyzed.Key words: Flavonoid, phenolic,okra,Irrigation areas

Analysis of heavy metals concentration in Kano herbal preparations for major disease conditions

The use of herbal medicines for treatment, management and prevention of different disease conditions has been as old as human history. These herbs usually contained some chemical substances which are considered as beneficial, while others were not. Study of the levels of some essential (Copper, Cadmium, Cobalt, Iron, Manganese, Nickel and zinc) and toxic (Cd and Pb) heavy metals content of herbal preparations sold in Kurmi market of Kano state, Nigeria was carried out. The aim of this study is to evaluate the levels of essential and toxic heavy metals in Kano herbal preparations used for commonly identified disease conditions. The samples were digested by wet digestion method with nitric acid and perchloric acids and analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (FAAS). The data obtained were statistically treated and the results presented as mean of three replicated. The range of mean concentrations of the essentials Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn and toxic Cd, Pb heavy metals obtained were 4.94-10.03μg/g, 3.33-3.80μg/g, 163.04-350.95 μg/g, 57.57-65.05μg/g, 9.94-15.63μg/g,, 6.86-66.59 μg/g and 1.53-3.23μg/g, 3.75-35.24 μg/g respectively. The level of contamination of the herbal preparation with the toxic heavy metals indicated 100% of the samples analyzed contained cadmium above WHO permissible limits (0.3μg/g) specified for herbal medicine and 33% of the samples contained lead (Pb) above WHO permissible limits (10μg/g) specified for herbal medicine. The gross level of contamination of these herbal preparations with Pb and Cd metals could be associated to poor adherence to quality control requirements such as current/good manufacturing practice (CGMP) and effective surveillance/enforcement. There is need for commitment for immediate action by both the herbal medicine practitioners and the relevant stakeholders in order to avert impending health hazards due to the tendency of gradual accumulation of these toxic metals in the body system of the consumers of these herbal preparations in order to attain to safe and effective herbal medicine usage in Nigeria.Keywords: Disease conditions, Heavy metals, Herbal preparations, Kan

Levels of Cobalt in Some Tree Barks and Soils from Yobe State Nigeria

Two different species of trees (Ficus thoningi, and Adansonia digitata) from Yobe State, north east, Nigeria were used in the investigations. The barks and the soils around these trees were analysed for their cobalt concentrations using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results of the analysis indicate various concentration levels obtained from soil solution through mineral uptake by plants. The mean values of Co range between 0.44 - 3.01µgg-1 in the bark and 0.26 - 2.68µgg-1 in the soil. All the values obtained correlate well with the anthropogenic activities in the study area and are below the recommended safe limits for heavy metals by WHO, FAO, EU, and NESREA guidelines. However, there is need for constant monitoring since the inhabitants depends on some of these plants for their primary health care.  The statistical comparison of the values between the bark and soil shows correlation at P < 0.01 and significant difference at P < 0.05. The study further demonstrates the suitability of some of the trees as a good bioindicator. Keywords: Cobalt, Tree back, Soil, Yobe State

Assessment of bacteriological quality of well water around Dogon Dawa district in Birnin Gwari Local Government, Kaduna State

The inadequate supply of clean drinkable water and the frequent pollution of existing supplies have created very serious health problems for people living in developing countries like Nigeria. Water serves as a vehicle for the transmission of diseases like typhoid fever, botulism, diarrhea, dysentery, Schistosomiasis, ascariasis, acute severe syndrome etc. which have contributed immensely to the stagnation of the economic development of some of these nations. The assessment of bacteriological quality of well water was conducted to ascertain the quality of water consumed in the District. Water obtained from wells, streams and boreholes are not always chemically pure, even rain water contains dissolved materials from the air as well as suspended dust mixed with microorganisms. Twenty samples were collected from twenty different wells in four different areas that made up Dogon Dawa district. 100ml sterile bottles were used in collecting the water samples and capped carefully after transferring the water into the bottles, each bottle was assigned a code for easy identification, put into ice box and transported to Kaduna State Water Board Central Laboratory for analysis The Multiple tube fermentation technique was used to determine total coliform count and Eosin methylene blue was used to determine fecal coliform count. Some physicochemical parameters of the water samples such as turbidity, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) were also determined. In all the 20 well water samples collected in Dogon Dawa district, there were very high bacterial count of between 26.20 -19.00 x102 cfu/ml which exceeded the recommended level of zero coliform/ml. The physicochemical parameters correlated with the bacterial contamination of samples. The turbidity of all samples of well water of between 8.0 - 9.0 NTU also exceeded the recommended level of 1.0-5.0 NTU. This study has shown that there is a high level of bacterial contamination of well water by pathogenic organisms in Dogon Dawa district. To reduce the high incidence of well water contamination, it is advocated that wells dug must be deep, far away from latrines and covered adequately.Keywords: Bacteriological Quality, Physicochemical Parameters, Assessment, Well Water, Dogon Dawa Distric