7 research outputs found

    Reducing pup litter size alters early postnatal calcium homeostasis and programs adverse adult cardiovascular and bone health in male rats

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    The in utero and early postnatal environments play essential roles in offspring growth and development. Standardizing or reducing pup litter size can independently compromise long-term health likely due to altered milk quality, thus limiting translational potential. This study investigated the effect reducing litter size has on milk quality and offspring outcomes. On gestation day 18, dams underwent sham or bilateral uterine vessel ligation surgery to generate dams with normal (Control) and altered (Restricted) milk quality/composition. At birth, pups were cross-fostered onto separate dams with either an unadjusted or reduced litter size. Plasma parathyroid hormone-related protein was increased in Reduced litter pups, whereas ionic calcium and total body calcium were decreased. These data suggest Reduced litter pups have dysregulated calcium homeostasis in early postnatal life, which may impair bone mineralization decreasing adult bone bending strength. Dams suckling Reduced litter pups had increased milk long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid and omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid. Reduced litter pups suckled by Normal milk quality/composition dams had increased milk omega-6 linoleic and arachidonic acids. Reduced litter male adult offspring had elevated blood pressure. This study highlights care must be taken when interpreting data from research that alters litter size as it may mask subtle cardiometabolic health effects.Jessica F. Briffa, Rachael O’Dowd, Tania Romano, Beverly S. Muhlhausler, Karen M. Moritz and Mary E. Wlode

    The Physics of the B Factories

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    DEPENDENCE OF ELASTIC MODULUS ON MICROSTRUCTURE IN 2090-TYPE ALLOYS

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    The Young's modulus, shear modulus and Poisson's ratio were determined using an ultrasonic puise echo technique. Three commercially fabricated aluminum-copper-lithium alloys and an aluminum-lithium binary alloy were examined. The elastic properties were measured as a function of aging time, aging temperature, amount of stretching and testing direction. An increase in Young's modulus due to delta prime and T1 precipitation has been measured and treated quantitatively including precipitation kinetics. A significant decrease of about 5% in the modulus of elasticity was found in the peak age condition. This decrease can be attributed to precipitation of the T2 phase. The shear modulus behaves similar to Young's modulus while the Poisson's ratio remains unchanged. There is no significant orientation dependence of the elastic properties on testing direction despite the fact that a typical. rolling texture was present

    Assessment of autism spectrum disorders

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    Bibliography of Secondary Sources on the History of Dermatology.

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