A New Approach For Interexaminer Reliability Data Analysis On Dental Caries Calibration

Objectives: a) to evaluate the interexaminer reliability in caries detection considering different diagnostic thresholds and b) to indicate, by using Kappa statistics, the best way of measuring interexaminer agreement during the calibration process in dental caries surveys. Methods: Eleven dentists participated in the initial training, which was divided into theoretical discussions and practical activities, and calibration exercises, performed at baseline, 3 and 6 months after the initial training. For the examinations of 6-7-year-old schoolchildren, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations were followed and different diagnostic thresholds were used: WHO (decayed/missing/filled teeth - DMFT index) and WHO + IL (initial lesion) diagnostic thresholds. The interexaminer reliability was calculated by Kappa statistics, according to WHO and WHO+IL thresholds considering: a) the entire dentition; b) upper/lower jaws; c) sextants; d) each tooth individually. Results: Interexaminer reliability was high for both diagnostic thresholds; nevertheless, it decreased in all calibration sections when considering teeth individually. Conclusion: The interexaminer reliability was possible during the period of 6 months, under both caries diagnosis thresholds. However, great disagreement was observed for posterior teeth, especially using the WHO+IL criteria. Analysis considering dental elements individually was the best way of detecting interexaminer disagreement during the calibration sections.156480485Assaf, A.V., Meneghim, M.C., Zanin, L., Mialhe, F.L., Pereira, A.C., Ambrosano, G.M.B., Assessment of different methods for diagnosing dental caries in epidemiological surveys (2004) Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 32, pp. 418-425Assaf, A.V., Meneghim, M.C., Zanin, L., Cortellazzi, K.L., Pereira, A.C., Ambrosano, G.M.B., Effect of different diagnostic thresholds on dental caries calibration (2006) J Public Health Dentistry, 66, pp. 17-22Assaf, A.V., Meneghim, M.C., Zanin, L., Tengan, C., Pereira, A.C., Effect of different diagnostic thresholds for dental caries calibration - a 12 month evaluation (2006) Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 34, pp. 213-219Brasil, da Saúde, M., SB Brasil (2002) Projeto, , Condições de saúde bucal da população brasileira:, Brasília, DF;, 2003 2004Cohen, J.A., Coefficient of agreement for nominal scales (1960) Education and Psychological Measurement, 20, pp. 37-46Fyffe, H.E., Deery, C., Nugent, Z.J., Nuttall, N.M., Pitts, N.B., Effect of diagnostic threshold on the validity and reliability of epidemiological caries diagnosis using the Dundee Selectable Threshold Method for caries diagnosis (DSTM) (2000) Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 28, pp. 42-51Landis, J.R., Koch, G.G., The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data (1977) Biometrics, 33, pp. 159-174Marthaler, T.M., Changes in dental caries 1953-2003 (2004) Caries Res, 38, pp. 173-181Mitropoulos, C.M., Lennon, M.A., Worthington, H.V., A national calibration exercise for the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry regional examiners (1990) Community Dent Health, 7, pp. 179-187Ministério da Saúde, (1988) Levantamento epidemiológico em saúde bucal: Brasil, Zona Urbana, 1986, , Brasília: Centro de Documentação, Ministério da Saúde;Nuttall, N.M., Paul, J.W., The analysis of inter-dentist agreement in caries prevalence studies (1985) Community Dent Health, 2, pp. 123-128Nyvad, B., Machiulskiene, V., Baelum, V., Construct and predictive validity of clinical caries diagnostic criteria assessing lesion activity (2003) J Dent Res, 82, pp. 117-122Nyvad, B., Machiulskiene, V., Baelum, V., Reliability of a new caries diagnostic system differentiating between active and inactive caries lesions (1999) Caries Res, 33, pp. 252-260Peres, M.A., Traebert, J., Marcenes, W., Calibração de examinadores para estudos epidemiológicos de cárie dentária (2001) Cad Saude Publica, 17, pp. 153-159Pine, C.M., Pitts, N.B., Nugent, Z.J., British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry (BASCD) guidance on the statistical aspects of training and calibration of examiners for surveys of child dental health. A BASCD coordinated dental epidemiology programme quality standard (1997) Community Dent Health, 14 (SUPPL. 1), pp. 18-29Sim, J., Wright, C.C., The kappa statistic in reliability studies: Use, interpretation, and sample size requirements (2005) Phys Ther, 85, pp. 257-268Oral health surveys (1997) Basic methods, , World Health Organization, 4th ed. Geneva: WHO

Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980�2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. Methods For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification. Findings Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95 uncertainty interval UI 3·1�3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5�2·8 million) since 2005, after a period of fast decline between 1997 and 2005. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has been steadily increasing and reached 38·8 million (95% UI 37·6�40·4 million) in 2015. At the same time, HIV/AIDS mortality has been declining at a steady pace, from a peak of 1·8 million deaths (95% UI 1·7�1·9 million) in 2005, to 1·2 million deaths (1·1�1·3 million) in 2015. We recorded substantial heterogeneity in the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS across countries. Although many countries have experienced decreases in HIV/AIDS mortality and in annual new infections, other countries have had slowdowns or increases in rates of change in annual new infections. Interpretation Scale-up of ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission has been one of the great successes of global health in the past two decades. However, in the past decade, progress in reducing new infections has been slow, development assistance for health devoted to HIV has stagnated, and resources for health in low-income countries have grown slowly. Achievement of the new ambitious goals for HIV enshrined in Sustainable Development Goal 3 and the 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets will be challenging, and will need continued efforts from governments and international agencies in the next 15 years to end AIDS by 2030. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and National Institute of Mental Health and National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY licens

An alternative technique to the demolition of a prestressed concrete box-girder bridge: A case study

This is a case study in which the partial collapse of a prestressed concrete box-girder bridge in Brazil happened only nine days after removing the supporting scaffolding. It is believed that the actual reinforcement longitudinal steel bars in the pile caps were underestimated. Although only part of the structure had collapsed, it was decided that the whole structure should be demolished. It was claimed that there was not available alternatives for ‘in situ’ structural recovery that would not compromise local traffic and safety precaution procedures. This paper presents an alternative technique for the bridge structural recovery. The application of this technique was possible because the prestressing process used unbonded pos-tensioned concrete, i.e. the sheaths were not filled with grout. The technique was based on the use of a weld torch to cut the tensioned strands in the box-girders methodically, unloading the pillars and foundations. Experimental tests were performed ‘in loco’ and proved to be effective and safe. The application of this suggested technique ‘in situ’ is believed to be an original contribution to the knowledge

Assessment Of Dental Caries Predictors In A Seven-year Longitudinal Study

Objective: To identify, in a group of 6-8-year-old schoolchildren, risk factors for dental caries increment in permanent dentition. Methods: Two hundred and six children from three different schools in Piracicaba, Brazil, were examined at baseline and after 7 years by the same two calibrated dentists. Data on dental caries (dmfs, DMFS, presence of initial lesions), fluorosis, oral hygiene and presence of sealant were collected at the clinical examination that was performed in an outdoor setting, under natural light, using a dental mirror and probe following the WHO recommendations. Information on socioeconomic level, fluoride usage, dental service utilization, dietary and oral hygiene habits was also obtained at baseline In a semi-structured questionnaire sent to the parents. The dependent variable was the 7-year DMFS increment. A univariate analysis was performed to test the association of independent variables in caries increment. Then a logistic regression model was used to estimate the adjusted Odds Ratio for caries increment. Results: Clinical (dmfs, DMFS) and non-clinical variables (daily toothbrushing, use of preventive topical methods, parents' educational level) were entered in the multiple logistic regression analysis. The prediction model included the clinical and socioeconomic variables, DMFS, dmfs and mother's educational level. The best caries predictor was the dmfs variable. Conclusion: Caries experience and mother's educational level were predictors of caries increment in permanent dentition.663169173Disney, J.A., Graves, R.C., Stamm, J.W., Bohannan, H.M., Abernathy, J.R., Zack, D.D., The University of North Carolina Caries Risk Assessment study: Further developments in caries risk prediction (1992) Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 20, pp. 64-75Tinanoff, N., Critique of evolving methods for caries risk assessment (1995) J Dent Educ, 59, pp. 980-985Raitio, M., Pienihakkinen, K., Scheinin, A., Multifactorial modeling for prediction of caries increment in adolescents (1996) Acta Odontol Scand, 54, pp. 118-121Petti, S., Hausen, H.W., Caries prediction by multiple salivary mutans streptococcal counts in caries-free children with different levels of fluoride exposure, oral hygiene and sucrose intake (2000) Caries Res, 34, pp. 380-387Wandera, A., Bhakta, S., Barker, T., Caries prediction and indicators using a pediatric risk assessment teaching tool (2000) J Dent Child, 67, pp. 408-412Van Palenstein Helderman, W.H., Mulder, J., Van't Hof, M.A., Truin, G.J., Validation of a Swiss method of caries prediction in Dutch children (2001) Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 29, pp. 341-345Vanobbergen, J., Martens, L., Lesaffre, E., Bogaerts, K., Declerck, D., The value of a baseline caries risk assessment model in the primary dentition for the prediction of caries incidence in the permanent dentition (2001) Caries Res, 35, pp. 442-450Pearce, E.I.F., Dong, Y.M., Yue, L., Gao, X.J., Purdie, G.L., Wang, J.D., Plaque minerals in the prediction of caries activity (2002) Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 30, pp. 61-69Stenlund, H., Mejare, I., Kallestal, C., Caries rates related to approximal caries at ages 11-13: A 10-year follow-up study in Sweden (2002) J Dent Res, 81, pp. 455-458Bader, J.D., Perrin, N.A., Maupome, G., Rindal, B., Rush, W.A., Validation of a simple approach to caries risk assessment (2005) J Public Health Dent, 65, pp. 76-81Hausen, H., Caries prediction - State of the art (1997) Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 25, pp. 87-96Demers, M., Brodeur, J.M., Mouton, C., Simard, P.L., Trahan, L., Veilleux, G., A multivariate model to predict caries increment in Montreal children aged 5 years (1992) Community Dent Health, 9, pp. 273-281Grindefjord, M., Dahllof, G., Nilsson, B., Modeer, T., Prediction of dental caries development in 1-year-old children (1995) Caries Res, 29, pp. 343-348Burt, B.A., Prevention policies in the light of the changed distribution of dental caries (1998) Acta Odontol Scand, 56, pp. 179-186Li, Y., Wang, W., Predicting caries in permanent teeth from caries in primary teeth: An eight-year cohort study (2002) J Dent Res, 81, pp. 561-566Landis, J.R., Koch, G.G., The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data (1977) Biometrics, 33, pp. 159-174(1987) Oral Health Surveys. Basic Methods. 3rd Ed., , World Health Organization. Geneva: WHORimmer, P.A., Pitts, N.B., Effects of diagnostic threshold and overlapped approximal surfaces on reported caries status (1991) Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 19, pp. 205-212Greene, J.C., Vermillion, J.R., The simplified oral hygiene index (1964) J Am Dent Assoc, 68, pp. 7-13Dean, H.T., Classification of mottled enamel diagnosis (1934) J Am Dent Assoc, 21, pp. 1421-1426Russel, A.L., The differential diagnosis of fluoride and non-fluoride enamel opacities (1961) J Public Health Dent, 21, pp. 143-146Krasse, B., Biological factors as indicators of future caries (1988) Int Dent J, 38, pp. 219-225(2001) SAS/STAT 8.2. Guide for Personal Computers, , SAS Institute Inc. Cary: SAS Institute(2004) SB Brazil 2003 Project - Oral Health Conditions of the Brazilian Population 2002-2003, , http://portalweb02.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/ relatorio_brasil_sorridente.pdf, Brazil. Health Ministry of Brazil. Brasília, DF, (in Portuguese). Available at. Accessed June 2005Tagliaferro, E.P.S., Cypriano, S., Sousa, M.L.R., Wada, R.S., Caries experience among schoolchildren in relation to community fluoridation status and town size (2004) Acta Odontol Scand, 62, pp. 124-128Burt, B.A., Concepts of risk in dental public health (2005) Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 33, pp. 240-24

Remarks On Drawing Up A Community Health Orthodontic Assistance Protocol [considerações Para Elaboração De Protocolo De Assistência Ortodôntica Em Saúde Coletiva]

This study offers help for drawing up a community health orthodontic assistance protocol, especially for the public health system. A preventive and interceptive orthodontic program is suggested through the inclusion of approaches in existing healthcare programs that may help prevent malocclusions, extending the services offered by Basic Healthcare Units to include fitting space retainer appliances and interceptive procedures. Possible occlusion problems are discussed and rated as high or low priority for treatment, stressing occlusal deviations that should not be treated precociously. Preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment should primarily be offered to children with deciduous and mixed dentition. The management and inclusion of orthodontic procedures can be deployed through the management of physical, human and financial resources, establishing access criteria for these services. The use of an appropriate orthodontic assistance protocol and correct planning of orthodontic actions could pave the way for preventive and interceptive procedures at the Basic Healthcare Units, while more resources could be allocated to setting up Specialty Reference Centers offering more complex corrective orthodontic procedures.12410671078Oliveira CM. Maloclusão no contexto da saúde pública. In: Böneker M, Sheiham A, organizadores. Promovendo saúde bucal na infância e adolescência: conhecimentos e práticas. São Paulo: Livraria e Editora Santos2004. p.55-80Ministério da Saúde, (2004) Diretrizes da política nacional de saúde bucal, , Brasília: Ministério da Saúde;Lang, R., Orthodontic treatment timing. What? When? Who? [editorial] (1989) Oral Health, 79 (9), pp. 7-9Joondeph, D.R., Early orthodontic treatment (1993) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 104 (2), pp. 199-200Arvystas, M.G., The rationale for early orthodontic treatment [editorial] (1998) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 113 (1), pp. 15-18Dugoni, S.A., Comprehensive mixed dentition treatment (1998) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 113 (1), pp. 75-84Sadowsky, P.L., Craniofacial growth and the timing of treatment (1998) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 113 (1), pp. 19-23Silva Filho, O.G., Okada, H., Aiello, C.A., Ortodontia interceptiva: Correção precoce de irregularidades na região ântero-superior (1998) Ortodontia, 31 (2), pp. 113-121Tung, A.W., Kiyak, H.A., Psychological influences on the timing of orthodontic treatment (1998) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 113 (1), pp. 29-39White, L., Early orthodontic intervention (1998) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 113 (1), pp. 24-28Yang, E.Y., Kiyak, A., Orthodontic treatment timing: A survey of orthodontists (1998) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 113 (1), pp. 96-103Araújo, M.G.M., Ortodontia para clínicos: Programa pré-ortodôntico (1988) São Paulo: Livraria e Editora, pp. 21-26. , 4a ed, Santos;McDonald RE, Avery DR. Diagnóstico e correção de pequenas irregularidades na dentição em desenvolvimento. In: McDonald RE, Avery DR, organizadores. Odontopediatria. 4a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan1983. p.493-96Varela, C.B., A arte de amamentar seu filho (1984) Petrópolis: Editora Vozes/Cidade Nova Editora, , 3a edMartins Filho, J., Como e porque amamentar (1987) São Paulo: Savier Editora, , 2a edVarrela, J., Occurrence of malocclusion in attritive environment: A study of a skull sample from southwest Finland (1990) Scand J Dent Res, 98 (3), pp. 242-247Almeida, R.R., Santos, S.C.B.N., Santos, E.C.A., Insabralde, C.M.B., Almeida, M.R., Mordida aberta anterior - considerações e apresentação de um caso clínico (1998) Rev Dent Press Ortodon Ortop Facial, 3 (2), pp. 17-29Moura, W.V.B., Maia, F.A., Maia, N.G., Avaliação do Modus Operandi dos procedimentos ortodônticos interceptores das más-oclusões na dentadura mista (1998) Rev Dent Press Ortodon Ortop Facial, 3 (6), pp. 53-60Bortolotti, R., Ribeiro, A.T.B., Barros, M.G.L., Spinassé, K.G., Mantenedores de espaço em ortodontia preventiva e interceptiva (1999) Rev Dent Press Ortodon Ortop Facial, 4 (5), pp. 25-33Bastos JRM, Peres SHCS, Ramires I. Educação para a saúde. In: AC Pereira, organizador. Odontologia em saúde coletiva: planejando ações e promovendo saúde. 1 a ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed2003. p. 117-39Almeida, R.R., Garib, D.G., Henriques, J.F.C., Almeida, M.R., Almeida, R.R., Ortodontia preventiva e interceptora: Mito ou realidade? (1999) Rev Dent Press Ortodon Ortop Facial, 4 (6), pp. 87-108Maia, F.A., Cefalometria para o clínico geral e o odontopediatra (1988) São Paulo: Ed, , Santos;Moyers RE, Riolo ML. Tratamento precoce. In: Moyers RE, organizador. Ortodontia. 4a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan1991. p. 292-368Ministério da Saúde, (1997) Norma Operacional Básica do Sistema Único de Saúde/NOB-SUS, 96. , Brasília: Ministério da Saúde;Maciel, S.M., (2003) A promoção da eqüidade na triagem de usuários da clínica ortodôntica da UFJF: Elementos para uma política pública e renovadora de saúde bucal, , dissertação, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Instituto de Medicina Social;Cunha, A.C.P.P., (2002) Avaliação da capacidade dos índices DAÍ e IOTN em estabelecer a necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico, , dissertação, Natal RN, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde de Natal;McLain, J.B., Profitt, W.R., Oral health status in the United States: Prevalence in malocclusion (1985) J Dent Educ, 49 (6), pp. 386-396Maia, F.A., Galvão, N.M., Ortodontia preventiva: Programa de odontologia preventiva do C.A.I (1984) O Dentista, p. 2Al Nimri, K., Richardson, A., Interceptive orthodontics in the real world of community dentistry (2000) Int J Paediatr Dent, 10 (2), pp. 99-108Ministério da Saúde, (2004) Relatório Final: 3a Conferência Nacional de Saúde Bucal. 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Comparison Of Reproducibility Measurements For Calibration Of Dental Caries Epidemiological Surveys [comparação Entre Medidas De Reprodutibilidade Para A Calibração Em Levantamentos Epidemiológicos Da Cárie Dentária]

This study compares three measurements (Kappa, general agreement percentage, or GAP, and dice index) used to determine the reproducibility of caries diagnosis in epidemiological surveys under different clinical diagnostic thresholds. Eleven examiners with previous experience in epidemiological surveys were submitted to a theoretical and clinical calibration process. Data analysis used two caries detection thresholds: World Health Organization (WHO) and WHO with the inclusion of initial enamel lesions (WHO + IL). Twenty-three children 6-7 years of age were examined, with and without caries. Mean values for Kappa index, GAP, and Dice were considered high (≥ 0.90), except for the dice index for the WHO + IL threshold (0.69). Since Kappa is an adjusted agreement index, it can be considered the instrument of choice for calibration of examiners. However, when it is impossible to use, the GAP is recommended together with the dice index in order to orient and improve examiners when examining caries lesions.22919011907SB Brasil 2003: Projeto - Condições de Saúde Oral Da População Brasileira Em 2002-2003, , http://portalweb02.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/ relatorio_brasil_sorridente.pdfNarvai, P.C., Castellanos, R.A., Frazão, P., Prevalência de cárie em dentes permanentes de escolares do Município de São Paulo, SP, 1970-1996 (2000) Rev Saúde Pública, 34, pp. 196-200Susin, C., Rösing, C.K., A importância do treinamento, reprodutibilidade e calibragem para a qualidade dos estudos (2000) Rev Fac Odonto P Alegre, 41, pp. 3-7Escamila-Cejulo, J.A., Pena, J.E., Dominguez, R.C., Viladomat, D.C., La variacion inter observador e intra observador, un problema de validez en los estudios epidemiologicos de presion arterial (1989) Arch Inst Cardiol Mex, 59, pp. 187-193Klein, C.H., Costa, E.A., Os erros de classificação e os resultados de estudos epidemiológicos (1987) Cad Saúde Pública, 3, pp. 236-249Pereira, A.C., Normas operacionais para execução de levantamentos em odontologia (2003) Odontologia Em Saúde Coletiva, pp. 83-116. , Pereira AC, organizador. São Paulo: Editora ArtmedPinto, V.G., (2000) Saúde Bucal Coletiva. 4a Ed., , São Paulo: Editora Santos2000Fyffe, H.E., Deery, C., Nugent, Z.J., Nuttall, N.M., Pitts, N.B., Effect of diagnostic threshold on the validity and reliability of epidemiological caries diagnosis using the Dundee Selectable Threshold Method for caries diagnosis (DSTM) (2000) Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 28, pp. 42-51Nuttall, N.M., Paul, J.W., The analysis of inter-dentist agreement in caries prevalence studies (1985) Community Dent Health, 2, pp. 123-128Pine, C.M., Pitts, N.B., Nugent, Z.J., British association for the study of community dentistry (BASCD) guidance on the statistical aspects of training and calibration of examiners for surveys of child dental health. A BASCD coordinated epidemiology programme quality standard (1997) Community Dent Health, 14 (1 SUPPL.), pp. 18-29Fleiss, J.L., Measuring agreement between two judges on the presence or absence of a trait (1975) Biometrics, 31, pp. 651-659Landis, J.R., Koch, G.G., The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data (1977) Biometrics, 33, pp. 159-174(1997) Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods. 4th Ed., , Geneva: World Health OrganizationNyvad, B., Machiulskiene, V., Baelum, V., Reliability of a new caries diagnostic system differentiating between active and inactive caries lesions (1999) Caries Res, 33, pp. 252-260Assaf, A.V., Meneghim, M.C., Zanin, L., Pardi, V., Pereira, A.C., Ambrosano, G.M.B., Influence of diagnostic adjuncts to the measurement of caries prevalence at different caries thresholds (2003) Int Dental J, 53, pp. 485-490Assaf, A.V., Meneghim, M.C., Zanin, L., Mialhe, F.L., Pereira, A.C., Ambrosano, G.M.B., Assessment of different methods for diagnosing dental caries in epidemiological surveys (2004) Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 32, pp. 418-425Peres, M.A., Traebert, J., Marcenes, W., Calibração de examinadores para estudos epidemioló gicos de cárie dentária (2001) Cad Saúde Pública, 17, pp. 153-159Frias, A.C., Antunes, J.L.F., Narvai, P.C., Precisão e validade de levantamentos epidemiológicos em saúde bucal: Cárie dentária na cidade de São Paulo, 2002 (2004) Rev Bras Epidemiol, 7, pp. 144-154Deery, C., Care, R., Chesters, R., Huntington, E., Stelmachonoka, S., Gudkina, Y., Prevalence of dental caries in Latvian 11- to 15-year-Old children and the enhanced diagnostic yield of temporary tooth separation, FOTI and electronic caries measurement (2000) Caries Res, 34, pp. 2-7Forgie, A.H., Paterson, M., Pine, C.M., Pitts, N.B., Nugent, Z.J., A randomised controlled trial of the caries-preventive efficacy of a chlorhexidine-containing varnish in high-caries-risk adolescents (2000) Caries Res, 34, pp. 432-439Chesters, R.K., Pitts, N.B., Matuliene, G., Kvedariene, A., Huntington, E., Bendinskaite, R., An abbreviated caries clinical trial design validated over 24 months (2002) J Dent Res, 81, pp. 637-640Luan, W.M., Baelum, V., Fejerskov, O., Chen, X., Ten-year incidence of dental caries in adult and elderly Chinese (2000) Caries Res, 34, pp. 205-213Warren, J.J., Steven, M.L., Kanellis, M.J., Dental caries in the primary dentition: Assessing prevalence of cavitated and non-cavitated lesions (2002) J Public Health Dent, 62, pp. 109-114Nyvad, B., Machiulskiene, V., Baelum, V., Construct and preditive validity of clinical caries diagnostic criteria assessing lesion activity (2003) J Dent Res, 82, pp. 117-12