Occupational Association of Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli Cases in Washington State 2005-2016

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2019ABSTRACT Background: Salmonellosis is a common food-borne gastrointestinal infection causing diarrhea, upset stomach, and sometimes vomiting. Each year there are 600-800 cases of salmonellosis reported to the Washington State Department of Health. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia Coli (STEC) is also a foodborne bacterial illness which can have serious health sequelae, including hemolytic uremic syndrome or death. There are approximately 140-200 cases per year in Washington State. As part of the investigation into reported cases of Salmonella and STEC, DOH asks affected individuals about their occupation. It is suspected that individuals working in some occupations may be at higher risk of salmonellosis than others. Methods: Using Washington State Department of Health notifiable conditions data for Salmonella and Shiga toxin producing E. coli cases and Current Population Survey records through the Employed Labor Force (ELF) query system, we calculated incidence rate ratios for Salmonella and STEC cases reported to WA DOH during the years 2005 through 2016 for each major occupation category using major Standard Occupation Classification, both as total and separated by male and female sex. Results: Women had higher rates of reported infection than men. In Salmonella, employed women and men had similar rates. For STEC, employed women had higher rates than the general population, while men had similar rates in the employed and general population. Overall Salmonella infection rates were highest in Life, Physical, and Social Sciences (IRR 1.84, CI 1.42-2.40), while STEC infections were associated most with the occupational group Arts, Design, Entertainment, and Sports (IRR=2.01, CI 1.41-2.84). Healthcare workers were at increased risk for both Salmonella and STEC (IRR=1.52, CI 1.33-1.73 and 1.73, CI 1.33-2.25 for Salmonella/STEC respectively). Notable gender differences in stratified risk analysis included female construction workers and Salmonella (SIR=3.20, CI 2.05-4.97) males in Farming, Fishing, Forestry for STEC (IRR-2.11, CI 1.18-3.77); and males in Personal Services (IRR=6.67, CI 4.44-10.05) for STEC risk. Discussion: Several categories of increased risk were expected, such as healthcare workers and scientists working in the field. Surprising was the high level of association with not associated with high pathogen exposure such as business/finance or arts and entertainment workers. Future studies should include repeating this method with data of enteric pathogens in other states or regions. Education or care for occupation groups at increased risk for the short- and long-term effects of enteric pathogen infection may be implemented

Qualidade de ameixas (Primus salicina, Lindl.) 'Reubennel' após armazenamento refrigerado Quality of plums (Prunus salicina, Lindl) 'Reubennel' after cold storage

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a qualidade de ameixas 'Reubemier após 30 e 40 dias de armazenagem a 0&deg;C e 90-95% UR e 1, 2 e 3 dias de comercialização simulada em temperatura ambiente (25-26&deg;C). As perdas de peso das frutas até os 30 dias de armazenamento e durante a comercialização foram de 0,57% e 2,0%, respectivamente, enquanto que, até os 40 dias e durante posterior comercialização, as perdas alcançaram 1,87% e 7,0%, respectivamente. As podridões aumentaram durante a comercialização simulada, principalmente após 40 dias de armazenamento. A firmeza de polpa e a acidez total titulável (ATT) tiveram maiores decréscimos após 40 dias de armazenamento refrigerado. Poucas modificações ocorreram no teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST). Em virtude da alta incidência de podridões, desidratação e sobrematuração após 40 dias de armazenamento, recomenda-se armazenar esta cultivar até 30 dias, com comercialização até 2 dias.<br>The purpose of this research was to verily the quality of 'Reubennel' plums after two periods of cold storage: 30 and 40 days at 0&deg;C and 90-95% RH and thereafter submitted to 1, 2 and 3 days of simulated marketing, at room temperature (25-26&deg;C). The weight loss at 30 days of cold storage and marketing were 0,57% and 2,0%, respectively. At 40 days the weigth loss reached 1,87% in cold storage and 7,0% in marketing. The decay increased during marketing, principally after 40 days of cold storage. The firmness and total titratable acidity had greater decrease after 40 days and there was no significant variation in total soluble solids during all cold storage and simulated marketing. Because of the high decay, weight loss and fruit overripening verified at 40 days, 30 days of cold storage and 2 days of marketing, are recommended for this cultivar

Pré-tratamento com água e doses de ácido indolbutírico para estaquia herbácea de pitangueiras Pre-treatments with water and indole butyric acid dosis for herbaceous cuttings of Surinam cherry

No Brasil, a maioria dos pomares de pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora) é formada por mudas do tipo pé-franco, o que torna os plantios com baixa uniformidade genética. A propagação vegetativa via estaquia é uma alternativa viável para propagação de diversas espécies frutíferas, podendo ser utilizada também com as espécies nativas, proporcionando a formação de pomares homogêneos, com a produção de mudas com alta sanidade, além de antecipar a produção. Nesse contexto, conduziu-se um estudo visando à multiplicação vegetativa da pitangueira, em que se testou a estaquia herbácea a partir de estacas coletadas de plantas matrizes jovens e adultas, submetidas a três períodos de imersão em água (0, 24 ou 48 horas), além da aplicação de doses de ácido indolbutírico (0, 2000, 4000 e 6000mg L-1). Foram avaliadas a sobrevivência (%), a retenção e a emissão foliar (n&deg; folhas/ estaca), a calogênese (%) e enraizamento das estacas (%). Ao final do experimento, avaliou-se massa fresca e seca de parte aérea e raiz, número de folhas e área foliar. O delineamento experimental foi o completamente casualizado, com três repetições de dez plantas por tratamento para os parâmetros não destrutivos e três repetições de cinco plantas por tratamento para os parâmetros destrutivos. A estaquia herbácea foi eficiente para produzir mudas de pitangueira, especialmente quando utilizadas estacas oriundas de plantas jovens sem necessidade de pré-lavagem nem adição de auxinas exógenas.<br>In Brazil, most of the Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora) orchards is formed by ungrafted plants, which makes the plantations have low genetic uniformity. The vegetative minicutting propagation is a viable alternative for the propagation of several fruit species, and can also be used with native species providing the formation of orchards with homogeneous populations of plants, with production of seedlings with high health and accelerated propagation process. In this context, a study for the multiplication of Surinam cherry was conduced with herbaceous cuttings, taken from young and adult mother plants, immersed in indole butyric acid doses (0, 2000, 4000 and 6000mg L-1), in three different water periods (0, 24 or 48 hours). Survival rate (%), leaf retention and emission (No. leaves /cutting), callus rate (%) and rooting (%) were evaluated. At the end of the experiment, were also evaluated fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, leaf number and leaf area. The experiment has a completely randomized design with three replications of ten plants per treatment for nom destructive and three replications of five plants per treatment for the destrutive parameters. The herbaceous cuttings were efficient to produce seedlings of Surinam cherry, particularly when using cuttings derived from seedlings in the absence of the immersion in water and exogenous auxin

The impact of breeding on fruit production in warm climates of Brazil O impacto do melhoramento genético na produção de frutas em climas quentes do Brasil

Brazil is a very large country with a diverse climate. This fact allows a diversity of plants to grow ranging from tropical rainforest in the Amazon, passing through Atlantic Forest along the coast, the cerrados (Brazilian savannah) in the Central West region, and semi-arid area in the Northeast. Latitude ranges from 5º N to 33º S, with most of this territory in the tropical region. There are enough reasons to plant breeders devoting great amount of their effort to improve plants suitable for warm climates, though. Among fruit crops, results of breeder's work have been noticed in several species, especially on peaches, grapes, citrus, apples, persimmons, figs, pears and others not so common, such as acerola, guava, annonas (sour sop, sugar apple, atemoya, cherimoya) and passion fruit. Peach tree introduced at low latitude (22 ± 2ºS) requires climatic adaptation to subtropical conditions of low chilling. In Brazil, the first peach breeding program aiming adaptation of cultivars to different habitats was developed by Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC) beginning in the end of the 40's. Apple low chill requirement cultivars obtained in a South state, Paraná, are now been planted at low latitudes. Banana and pineapple breeding programs from Embrapa units along the country are successfully facing new sanitary problems. Petrolina/Juazeiro, in the Northeastern region (9ºS), is the main grape exporting region with more than 6,000 ha. Grape growing in the region is based in the so called "tropical" rootstocks released by IAC, namely: IAC 313 'Tropical', IAC 572 'Jales'. Recently, Embrapa Grape and Wine released tropical grape seedless cultivars that are changing table grape scenario in the country.<br>O Brasil, com suas dimensões continentais, apresenta grande diversidade de climas. Este fato permite o crescimento de grande diversidade de plantas desde a floresta tropical úmida do Amazonas, passando pela Mata Atlântica ao longo da costa, os cerrados, na região centro-oeste e nas áreas de semiárido no nordeste. A maior parte do território encontra-se na região tropical onde a latitude abrange de 5º N a 33º S. Há, portanto, razões suficientes para os melhoristas de plantas devotarem boa parte de seus esforços para melhorar plantas apropriadas aos climas mais quentes. Entre as frutíferas, os resultados dos trabalhos dos melhoristas têm sido notados em diversas espécies, especialmente pêssegos, uvas, citros, maçãs, caquis, figos, pêras e outras, não tão comuns, como acerola, goiaba, anonas (graviola, pinha, atemóia, cherimóia) e maracujá. Pessegueiros introduzidos em baixas latitudes (22 ± 2ºS) requerem adaptação climática às condições subtropicais de baixa ocorrência de frio. No Brasil, o primeiro programa de melhoramento de pêssego visando adaptação de cultivares a diferentes habitats foi desenvolvido pelo Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC) começando no final dos anos 1940. O melhoramento da macieira com baixa necessidade frio levado a cabo no IAPAR, Paraná, produziu cultivares que podem ser plantados com sucesso em regiões de baixa latitude. Os programas de melhoramento da banana e do abacaxi conduzidos em unidades da Embrapa em todo o país estão conseguindo fazer frente aos fortes problemas fitossanitários com as cultivares melhoradas. Petrolina/Juazeiro, na região nordeste (9ºS), é a principal região exportadora de uvas no país com mais de 6.000 ha. A viticultura na região está baseada nos chamados porta-enxertos "tropicais" lançados pelo IAC: IAC 313 'Tropical', IAC 572 'Jales'. Recentemente, a Embrapa Uva e Vinho lançou cultivares tropicais de uvas sem sementes que estão mudando o cenário da uva de mesa no país