Crystal field splitting on D↔S transitions of atomic manganese isolated in solid krypton

Narrow excitation features present on the [Ar]3d⁶4s¹ a⁶D(J=9/2–1/2)←[Ar]3d⁵4s² a⁶S1/2 transitions of manganese atoms isolated in solid Kr are analyzed within the framework of weak crystal field splitting. Use of the Wp optical lineshape function allowed identification of multiple zero-phonon lines for individual spin-orbit J states of the a⁶D←a⁶S transition recorded with laser-induced excitation spectroscopy. Excellent agreement exists between the predicted crystal field splitting patterns for the J levels of the a⁶D state isolated in the «red» tetravacancy site of solid Kr. The tetrahedral crystal field of the «red» trapping site splits J>3/2 levels of the a⁶DJ and a⁴D₇/₂ states by approximately 30 cm⁻¹. This report represents the first definitive evidence of crystal field splitting, induced by the weak van der Waals interactions between a neutral metal atom and the rare gas atoms surrounding it in a well defined solid state site

Attachment formation during partitioning of oblique convergence in the Ketilidian orogen, South Greenland

Subhorizontal attachment zones provide coupling between lithospheric layers in orogenic belts. A mid-crustal attachment zone is exposed in the Palaeoproterozoic Ketilidian orogen, south Greenland, which formed as a result of north-directed oblique convergence at a cordilleran-type margin. Rifting (c. 2.1 Ga) and compressional deformation and magmatism (> 1850 Ma) on the continental margin was followed by an extended sinistral transpression from 1850 to 1730 Ma now separated into three episodes or peaks of activity. The first episode was focused on the back-arc region and was followed by the main arc construction phase during which transpression was partitioned into strike-slip and contraction components. Despite the longevity of this active margin system, individual tectonic events took place rapidly, e.g. development of fore-arc D1-D3 and accompanying high-temperature, low-pressure metamorphism took place over c. 12 Ma. We explain the fore-arc and batholith evolution by the upward migration of an underlying attachment structure through the upper crustal partitioned blocks. This migration may be attributed to an increase in the geothermal gradient accompanied by, or followed by, exhumation of the mid-crust. The partially molten, hence weak, attachment zone solidified and strengthened during cooling before emplacement of the post-orogenic rapakivi suite during the third distinct phase of mild sinistral transpression

Numerical analysis of fold curvature using data acquired by high-precision GPS

The maximum, minimum, Gaussian, and mean curvatures of a folded bedding surface are calculated from a high resolution data set. These data were collected using real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS and processed using commercially available software. The curvature parameters are calculated analytically from the first and second fundamental forms of the folded surface. Matrix algebra makes this method efficient for large data sets. Contoured maps of the curvature parameters can then be used as basemaps for the interpretation of other structural information such as fracture densities and orientations. This method provides precise analysis of folded surfaces in three dimensions and the data can be incorporated into larger-scale data sets obtained from seismic surveys

Mid-crustal partitioning and attachment during oblique convergence in an arc system, the Palaeoproterozoic Ketilidian orogen, southern Greenland.

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Energy density of the diet and change in body fatness from childhood to adolescence : is there a relation?

Original article can be found at: http://www.ajcn.org/ Copyright American Society for Nutrition [Full text of this article is not available in the UHRA]Background: The contribution of energy density (ED) of the total diet to increased risk of obesity from childhood into adolescence is unclear. Objective: We assessed the relation between the ED of the diet in childhood, calculated in a number of ways, and change in adiposity from childhood to adolescence. Design: In a prospective study, 48 children (30 boys, 18 girls) were initially studied at age 6 – 8 y (baseline) and followed up at age 13–17 y. Daily ED, energy intake, and food intake were assessed at baseline by 7-d weighed food records concurrent with estimates of total energy expenditure (TEE) by doubly labeled water. ED was calculated with the use of 5 published methods. Obesity risk was defined with the use of body fat from total body water by isotope dilution. Body fat was normalized for height and expressed as fat mass index (FMI). Change in adiposity was calculated as follow-up FMI minus baseline FMI. Results: Misreporting of energy intake at the group level at baseline was low relative to the TEE. ED of the total diet at baseline by the 3 methods for calculating ED that excluded all or most beverages was prospectively associated with change in FMI. However, ED of the total diet by any of the methods was not associated with change in the percentage body fat, body mass index, or waist circumference z scores. Conclusion: The methods used to calculateEDand to assess obesity risk lead to different conclusions about the relation between the ED of the diet in childhood and gain in fat into adolescence.Peer reviewe