74 research outputs found
Π₯ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ: Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
There is a large number of healthcare workers who may be exposed to anticancer drugs in different healthcare settings in Russia. Contamination of working environment, throughout the hospital medication system from hospital pharmacy to medical waste facilities, is found in a number of studies. Monitoring of the environmental contamination with these drugs was performed by different methods in various countries. Daily uptake of the anticancer drugs by the personnel exposed for many years may be realized in reproductive impairments and increased cancer risk. The female healthcare workers who handle antineoplastic drugs showed a greater risk of birth defects in offspring, spontaneous abortions, breast cancer and a number of other cancer site revealed by epidemiological methods. Data on the cancer incidence of pharmacists and laboratory workers potentially exposed to the cytostatic drugs are provided. In Russia, the monitoring of occupational cytostatic exposure is required as it would not be correct to apply data obtained in other countries to the Russian conditions. The data for biological and epidemiological monitoring are considered as the background for effective prevention of adverse health effects in healthcare personnel exposed to antineoplastic drugs.Π Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΡΡ
Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ° ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π° ΠΊ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ± ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ. Π Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
, Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅
ΠΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²
Nanomaterials become more widespread in the different areas of human life, forming the new technosphere philosophy, in particular, new approaches for development and usage of these materials in everyday life, manufacture, medicine etc.The physicochemical characteristics of nanomaterials differ significantly from the corresponding indicators of aggregate materials and at least some of them are highly reactive and / or highly catalytic. This suggests their aggressiveness towards biological systems, including involvement in carcinogenesis. The review considers the areas of use of modern nanomaterials, with special attention paid to the description of medicine production using nanotechnologies, an analysis of the mechanisms of action of a number of nanomaterials already recognized as carcinogenic, and also presents the available experimental and mechanistic data obtained from the study of the carcinogenic / procarcinogenic effects of various groups of nanomaterials currently not classified as carcinogenic to humans.Preparing the review, information bases of biomedical literature were analysed: Scopus (307), PubMed (461), Web of Science (268), eLibrary.ru (190) were used. To obtain full-text documents, the electronic resources of PubMed Central (PMC), Science Direct, Research Gate, Sci-Hub and eLibrary.ru databases were used.ΠΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅, ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ. Π€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
β Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ / ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ
Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π°.Π ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ / ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°.ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π±Π°Π· Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Scopus (507), PubMed (561), Web of Science (268), eLibrary.ru (190). ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ PubMed Central (PMC), Science Direct, Research Gate, Π±Π°Π·Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
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ΠΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ : Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π· Π² ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
Cytostatic drugs used in chemotherapy cause secondary tumors in some patients cured of the antecedent neoplasm. Thus the incidence of secondΒ neoplasia for cancer survivors compared with the general population represents a 4-fold to 6-fold increased risk.The review presents recent dataΒ on the mechanisms of malignant transformation of cells by cytostatics, on the characteristics of high- risk groups associated with congenital polymorphismsΒ of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and DNA repair systems. Increased risk of drug-related cancer was observed in patients withΒ high activity of P450 isoforms, transforming cytotoxic prodrugs into the active electrophilic metabolites and low level of detoxifying enzymes. AllΒ things being equal the risk of therapy related neoplasia is higher in patients with low activity of DNA repair enzymes. It is evaluated the possibilityΒ of experimental study of new targeted drugs carcinogenic potential in order to minimize the future risk of secondary malignancies.Π¦ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΠΈΠ·Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² 4β6 ΡΠ°Π·Β ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. Π ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊΒ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ Π²ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Β ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΠ. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΒ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° Π 450, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΈ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌΒ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π² Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΠ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Β ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
ΠΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²
The mechanisms of anticancerogenic effects of flavanoids and isocyanates from the plants widely consumed in the midland belt of RussiaΒ were reviewed. Data of studies both in vitro and in vivo were analyzed. Special attention was paid to inhibition of targets responsible forΒ carcinogen metabolic activation, carcinogenesis promotion and tumor progression as well as neoangiogenesis. Besides that the antioxidantΒ properties of flavonoids and their effects on cell cycle regulation, apoptosis initiation and cell mobility were considered.Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅. Π ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
in vitro ΠΈ in vivo, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Β Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Β ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°, ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΒ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ°Π½Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·
Π’ΡΠ°Π±Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ β Π»ΠΈΠ³Π°Π½Π΄ ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΠ
Trabectedin (ET-743, Yondelis) is an alkaloid that was originally isolated from the Caribbean Sea squirt, Ecteinascidia turbinata and is now produced synthetically. Its chemical structure consists in three fused tetrahydroisoquinoline rings. Two of them, A and B, binds covalently to guanine residues in the minor groove of the DNA double helix to bend the molecule toward the major groove and the third ring C protrudes from the DNA duplex, apparently allowing interactions with several nuclear proteins. Binding to the minor groove of DNA, trabectedin trigger a cascade of events that interfere with several transcription factors, DNA binding proteins, and DNA repair pathways in particular nucleotide excision repair. It acts both as a DNA-alkylating drug and topoisomerase poison. Trabectedin-DNA adduct traps the nucleotide excision repair proteins repairing the DNA damage in transcribing genes and induces DNA strand breaks. Cells deficient in homologous recombination pathway which repairs these double-strand breaks show increased sensitivity to trabectedin. The most sensitive of them were myxoid liposarcomas. Trabectedin is also effective in chemotherapy-experienced patients with advanced, recurrent liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma as well as in women with ovarian cancer and breast cancer with BRCAness phenotype. Besides of tumor cells Trabectedin inhibits inflammatory cells by affecting directly monocytes and tumorassociated macrophages and indirectly by inhibiting production of inflammatory mediators, the cytokines and chemokines. It inhibits also the MDR-1 gene, which is responsible for the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents and strikes tumor angiogenesis.Π’ΡΠ°Π±Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ (Trabectedin, ET-743, Yondelis) β Π°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΈΠ΄, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ· Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π° Ecteinascidia turbinate, Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ 3 ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, 2 ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΈΠ±Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΊΠΈ, Π° 3-Ρ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²Π½Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΠΠ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π’ΡΠ°Π±Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΠ, Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, Π° ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π·. ΠΠ΄Π΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π±Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΠΠ. ΠΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ²Ρ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π±Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π±Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΡΡΠ΄ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ BRCA1 ΠΈ BRCA2. Π£ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΡΠ°Π±Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°Π±Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²: ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ². Π’ΡΠ°Π±Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π° MDR-1, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΊ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Ρ
ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ in vitro ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ PI3K/AKT/mTOR
Introduction. Current chemotherapy of breast cancer has a wide range of disadvantages, in particular, the development of therapy-related infections and hormonal imbalance. Combination of main cytostatic with glucocorticoids allows to broaden its therapeutic interval and to decrease the total toxicity of the treatment. However, long-term treatment with glucocorticoids leads to the development of severe side effects via activation of multiple molecular mechanisms. Thus, glucocorticoids activate prosurvival mTOR-dependent autophagy. Therefore, the evaluation of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinases) / Akt (protein kinase B) / mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitors as adjuvants for breast cancer therapy is important for optimization of treatment protocol.Aim. Analysis of the effects of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors, rapamycin, wortmannin and LY-294002 in combination with glucocorticoids in breast cancer cell lines of different subtypes.Materials and methods. We demonstrated the inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and the autophagy induction after the treatment of breast cancer cells with rapamycin, wortmannin and LY-294002 by Western blotting analysis of Beclin-1, phospho-Beclin-1 (Ser93 and Ser30).Conclusion. PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in combination with Dexamethasone cooperatively inhibited mTOR signaling and activated autophagy in breast cancer cells in vitro.ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π₯ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π» ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ². Π’Π°ΠΊ, Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠΈ, Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π²ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΡΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ mTOR-Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ, Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π°Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ PI3K (ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄-3βΠΊΠΈΠ½Π°Π·Π°) / Akt (ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π°Π·Π° B) / mTOR (ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
).Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² PI3K / Akt / mTOR ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°, Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ LY-294002 Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π°.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½-Π±Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ½, Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ LY-294002 ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ PI3K / Akt / mTOR ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ, ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠΈ, Beclin-1, ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ phospho-Beclin-1 ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Ser93 ΠΈ Ser30.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ PI3K / Akt / mTOR Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΡ mTOR ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π ΠΠ in vitro
ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ
The main aim of the study is to analyze modern knowledge on endocrine disruptors, non-genotoxic carcinogens, contributing significantly to the total level of contamination of the biosphere by anthropogenic blastomogens.Material and Methods. For the review preparation, we analyzed articles on molecular mechanisms of the effects of endocrine disruptors, available at biomedical literature databases sciVerse scopus, pubmed, Web of science, Rsci. The review cited 65 recent publications, 21 of them being published over the past three years, 3 papers being the official documents on hazards associated with the use of endocrine disruptors, and 10 papers presenting a background to separate endocrine disruptors into the group of compounds with specific functional activity.Results. The role of endocrine disruptors involves the development of the tumors of reproductive organs. They may reveal the properties of strong agonists or antagonists disrupting the hormonal balance by inhibition of the synthesis of natural hormones, their secretion, transport, metabolism, binding or degradation. In addition, they activate alternative proliferation signaling pathways by activating g-proteincoupled receptors, estrogen-bound eRRΞ³ or/and Ξ²-adrenergic receptors. The main mechanism of action of endocrine disruptors is the induction of epigenetic modifications, in particular, methylation/demethylation of cpg dNa islands, histone modifications and changes in expression of non-coding RNa. since the effects of endocrine disruptors are nonlinear, they can be caused by concentrations corresponding to the real content in the biosphere and detected in the umbilical blood and breast milk. In addition, they contribute to the metabolic activation of the procarcinogens, the main component of air pollution, by activation of the cytochrome p450 isoforms.Conclusion. Endocrine disruptors can underlie the development of tumors of hormone-dependent organs both at direct and transplacental exposure.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π°.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π±Π°Π·Π°Ρ
Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ sciVerse scopus, pubmed, Web of science, Π ΠΠΠ¦. Π ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ 65 ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
21 ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅Ρ, 3 ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π° 10 ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ g-Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½-ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡ eRRΞ³, Ξ²-Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅/Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ cpg ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠΠ, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π ΠΠ. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° Π 450, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½-Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊ Π½Π΅Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½-ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½-ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ/ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π°
POLG1 p.R722H mutation associated with multiple mtDNA deletions and a neurological phenotype
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The c.2447G>A (p.R722H) mutation in the gene <it>POLG1 </it>of the catalytic subunit of human mitochondrial polymerase gamma has been previously found in a few occasions but its pathogenicity has remained uncertain. We set out to ascertain its contribution to neuromuscular disease.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Probands from two families with probable mitochondrial disease were examined clinically, muscle and buccal epithelial DNA were analyzed for mtDNA deletions, and the <it>POLG1, POLG2, ANT1 </it>and <it>Twinkle </it>genes were sequenced.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>An adult proband presented with progressive external ophthalmoplegia, sensorineural hearing impairment, diabetes mellitus, dysphagia, a limb myopathy and dementia. Brain MRI showed central and cortical atrophy, and <sup>18</sup>F-deoxyglucose PET revealed reduced glucose uptake. Histochemical analysis of muscle disclosed ragged red fibers and cytochrome c oxidase-negative fibers. Electron microscopy showed subsarcolemmal aggregates of morphologically normal mitochondria. Multiple mtDNA deletions were found in the muscle, and sequencing of the <it>POLG1 </it>gene revealed a homozygous c.2447G>A (p.R722H) mutation. His two siblings were also homozygous with respect to the p.R722H mutation and presented with dementia and sensorineural hearing impairment. In another family the p.R722H mutation was found as compound heterozygosity with the common p.W748S mutation in two siblings with mental retardation, ptosis, epilepsy and psychiatric symptoms. The estimated carrier frequency of the p.R722H mutation was 1:135 in the Finnish population. No mutations in <it>POLG2</it>, <it>ANT1 </it>and <it>Twinkle </it>genes were found. Analysis of the POLG1 sequence by homology modeling supported the notion that the p.R722H mutation is pathogenic.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The recessive c.2447G>A (p.R722H) mutation in the linker region of the <it>POLG1 </it>gene is pathogenic for multiple mtDNA deletions in muscle and is associated with a late-onset neurological phenotype as a homozygous state. The onset of the disease can be earlier in compound heterozygotes.</p
ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π² ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π΅
The incidence and mortality of malignant neoplasms of non-reproductive organs both carcinomas and sarcomas in men is one and a half times higher than in women. This is based on genetic differences, which are superimposed by patterns of epigenetic regulation of the expression of sex chromosome genes that determine sex differences in the processes of tissue differentiation, which, in turn, mediates the formation of the hormonal status of the body. Compared to the Y chromosome, the mammalian X chromosome contains several dozen times more genes encoding major regulators of proliferation, metabolism, immunity, and tumor growth inhibitors, as well as X-linked microRNAs affecting transcription factors and cross-regulation by other non-coding RNAs. This results in a female or male gene expression profile that accounts for phenotypic differences. This peculiarity, along with the fact that in female cells on the second inactivatedX chromosome epigenetic repression of the most important genes is reversed and, accordingly, their expression level is doubled, may largely explain the sex disparity in carcinogenesis. The influence of sex hormones and disparity in the expression of antitumor immunity contribute significantly to this difference. A detailed study of the mechanisms underlying sex dimorphism in carcinogenesis will be an essential contribution to fundamental oncology and to the practice of diagnosis, prognosis and personalized treatment of malignances with regard to their gender-specific course. These studies are especially relevant in relation to insufficiently studied soft tissue sarcomas, the ratio of the frequencies of which in men and women varies greatly depending on the histological subtype of the tumor.ΠΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π½ΠΈΡ
Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ Π² 1,5 ΡΠ°Π·Π° Π²ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½. Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Y-Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° Π₯-Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π· Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ X-ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ ΠΠΊ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π ΠΠΊ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΄Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
Π³Π΅Π½Π°Ρ
Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ X-Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Β«ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ» Π² ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π΅. Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π² ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π² ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π΅, Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ
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