Complementarity of information sent via different bases

We discuss quantitatively the complementarity of information transmitted by a quantum system prepared in a basis state in one out of several different mutually unbiased bases (MUBs). We obtain upper bounds on the information available to a receiver who has no knowledge of which MUB was chosen by the sender. These upper bounds imply a complementarity of information encoded via different MUBs and ultimately ensure the security in quantum key distribution protocols.Comment: 9 pages, references adde

Characterization techniques for studying the properties of nanocarriers for systemic delivery

Nanocarriers have attracted a huge interest in the last decade as efficient drug delivery systems and diagnostic tools. They enable effective, targeted, controlled delivery of therapeutic molecules while lowering the side effects caused during the treatment. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles determine their in vivo pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and tolerability. The most analyzed among these physicochemical properties are shape, size, surface charge and porosity and several techniques have been used to characterize these specific properties. These different techniques assess the particles under varying conditions, such as physical state, solvents etc. and as such probe, in addition to the particles themselves, artifacts due to sample preparation or environment during measurement. Here, we discuss the different methods to precisely evaluate these properties, including their advantages or disadvantages. In several cases, there are physical properties that can be evaluated by more than one technique. Different strengths and limitations of each technique complicate the choice of the most suitable method, while often a combinatorial characterization approach is needed

Osmolality of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH)

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disorder of increased intracranial fluid pressure (ICP) of unknown etiology. This study aims to investigate osmolality of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with IIH.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We prospectively collected CSF from individuals referred on suspicion of IIH from 2011–2013. Subjects included as patients fulfilled Friedman and Jacobson’s diagnostic criteria for IIH. Individuals in whom intracranial hypertension was refuted were included as controls. Lumbar puncture with ICP measurement was performed at inclusion and repeated for patients after three months of treatment. Osmolality was measured with a Vapor Pressure Osmometer.</p><p>Results</p><p>We collected 90 CSF samples from 38 newly diagnosed patients and 28 controls. At baseline 27 IIH-samples and at 3 months follow-up 35 IIH-samples were collected from patients. We found no significant differences in osmolality between 1) patients at baseline and controls (<i>p = 0</i>. <i>86</i>), 2) patients at baseline and after 3 months treatment (<i>p = 0</i>.<i>97</i>), and 3) patients with normalized pressure after 3 months and their baseline values (<i>p = 0</i>.<i>79</i>). Osmolality in individuals with normal ICP from 6–25 cmH₂O (<i>n = 41</i>) did not differ significantly from patients with moderately elevated ICP from 26–45 cmH₂O (<i>n = 21</i>) (<i>p = 0</i>.<i>86</i>) and patients with high ICP from 46–70 cmH₂O (<i>n = 4</i>) (<i>p = 0</i>.<i>32</i>), respectively. There was no correlation between osmolality and ICP, BMI, age and body height, respectively. Mean CSF osmolality was 270 mmol/kg (± 1 SE, 95% confidence interval 267–272) for both patients and controls.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>CSF osmolality was normal in patients with IIH, and there was no relation to treatment, ICP, BMI, age and body height. Mean CSF osmolality was 270 mmol/kg and constitutes a reference for future studies. Changes in CSF osmolality are not responsible for development of IIH. Other underlying pathophysiological mechanisms must be searched.</p></div

Participants and Samples.

<p>Participants and Samples.</p

ICP Groups.

<p>All 66 participants, 90 samples. Error bars based on SE.</p

BMI Groups.

<p>All 66 participants, 25 unpaired samples. Error bars based on SE.</p

Osmometry of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH)

"This study aims to investigate osmolality of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). IIH is a disorder of increased intracranial fluid pressure (ICP) of unknown etiology. Investigating CSF osmolality could provide knowledge of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.