Non Dispersive Chemical Deacidification of Crude Palm Oil in Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor

Performance of chemical deacidification of crude palm oil (CPO) using aqueous NaOH solution in a polysulfone hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane was investigated. The effects of operating temperature, NaOH concentration and flow rates on percentage of free fatty acids (FFA) removal, oil loss, soap entrainment and overall mass transfer coefficient were evaluated. Overall mass transfer coefficients, soap content in oil and neutral oil loss all increased when the temperature was increased from 60 to 70°C due to an increase of the FFA distribution value. A minimum 0.25 N of NaOH or a NaOH to FFA molar ratio of about 7.62 was required to facilitate the expected extraction efficiency. The increased oil flowrate slightly enhanced the solute transport kinetics, while the aqueous phase flowrate did not significantly influence deacidification efficiency or mass transfer coefficient. About 97% of FFA removal was achieved within 4 hours. The maximum oil loss observed was 11% and the highest soap content in the oil without separation step was 3150 ppm. The values of the overall mass transfer coefficient varied from 2.97×10-7 to 7.71×10-7 m/s. These results show the potential of using the non dispersive membrane contacting process for chemical deacidification of CPO as well as other vegetable oils

4T Zikr in Anxiety Reduction in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients

Anxiety is a psychological problem that often arises in heart disease, especially in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Anxiety could prolong the healing process of ACS and increase the cost of care and treatment. Purpose of the study was to evaluaste the effect of 4T Zikr on anxiety in patients with ACS in the CICU. This research was a quasi-experimental two group pre post design. 64 subjects were recruited by purposive sampling; 28 subjects in intervention group and 28 subjects in control group. Anxiety was measured by NRS 0-10. 4T zikr composes of subhanallah, alhamdulillah, allahuakbar and laailahaillah with intensity 60 dB, beat rate 60-80 mm, pitch 220-800 Hz, volume 4-5 for 30 minutes. The results show that 4T zikr could reduce anxiety at 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, 60 hours, and 72 hours in patients with ACS (p<0,05). There were significant differences in anxiety reduction at 24 hours (p<0,001) and 72 hours (p<0,001) between group after 4T zikkr in patients with ACS. In conclusion, 4T zikr can reduce anxiety within 72 hours after admission in patients with ACS

Does diet affect breast cancer risk?

The role of specific dietary factors in breast cancer causation is not completely resolved. Results from prospective studies do not support the concept that fat intake in middle life has a major relation to breast cancer risk. However, weight gain in middle life contributes substantially to breast cancer risk. Alcohol is the best established dietary risk factor, probably by increasing endogenous estrogen levels. Hypotheses relating diet during youth to risk decades later will be difficult to test. Nevertheless, available evidence is strong that breast cancer risk can be reduced by avoiding weight gain during adult years, and by limiting alcohol consumption

Assessment of malignancy risk in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with intramuscular interferon beta-1a: retrospective evaluation using a health insurance claims database and postmarketing surveillance data

Gary Bloomgren, Bjørn Sperling, Kimberly Cushing, Madé WentenBiogen Idec Inc., Weston, MA, USABackground: Intramuscular interferon beta-1a (IFNβ-1a), a multiple sclerosis (MS) therapy that has been commercially available for over a decade, provides a unique opportunity to retrospectively assess postmarketing data for evidence of malignancy risk, compared with relatively limited data available for more recently approved therapies. Postmarketing and claims data were analyzed to determine the risk of malignancy in MS patients treated with intramuscular IFNβ-1a.Materials and methods: The cumulative reporting rates of suspected adverse drug reactions coded to malignancy in the intramuscular IFNβ-1a global safety database were compared with malignancy incidence rates in the World Health Organization GLOBOCAN database. In addition, using data from a large US claims database, the cumulative prevalence of malignancy in MS patients treated with intramuscular IFNβ-1a was compared with non-MS population controls, MS patients without intramuscular IFNβ-1a use, and untreated MS patients. Mean follow-up was approximately 3 years for all groups, ie, 3.1 years for the intramuscular IFNβ-1a group (range 0.02–6.0 years), 2.6 years for non-MS population controls (range 0–6.0 years), 2.6 years for the intramuscular IFNβ-1a nonuse group (range 0.01–6.0 years), and 2.4 years for the untreated MS group (range 0.01–6.0 years).Results: An estimated 402,250 patients received intramuscular IFNβ-1a during the postmarketing period. Cumulative reporting rates of malignancy in this population were consistent with GLOBOCAN incidence rates observed within the general population. The claims database included 12,894 MS patients who received intramuscular IFNβ-1a. No significant difference in malignancy prevalence was observed in intramuscular IFNβ-1a users compared with other groups.Conclusion: Results from this evaluation provide no evidence of an increased risk of malignancy with intramuscular IFNβ-1a use.Keywords: multiple sclerosis, malignancy, safety, intramuscular interferon beta-1a, postmarketing surveillance, claims&nbsp

Open and Closed Suction Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Prevention of Patient on Ventilator Installed

The objective of studys is to evaluate the differences of CPIS in applying CSS and OSS with oral hygiene chlorhexidine in critical patients with ventilators. In two hospitals in Semarang for two months. There were 30 subjects recruited by purposive sampling and divided in two groups equally (n=15). VAP was measured by CPIS on the third day after invasion. The interventions are OSS and oral hygiene with clorhexidine twice a day and CSS and oral hygiene with clorhexidine once a day during inserted ventilators. CPIS in the two groups were no significant difference. The OSS and oral hygiene with clorhexidine twice a day was similarly effective to the CSS and oral hygiene with clorhexidine once a day to prevent VAP in critical patients with ventilator (U=105; p=0,766). The application of the OSS with oral hygiene with clorhexidine twice a day is instead of the CSS with oral hygiene with clorhexidine once a day, which is more expensive to prevent VAP. Since there is no difference of CPIS in patients with OSS and CSS, at is recommended the use of SCC due to its lower cost compered to CSS method