2,354 research outputs found
Impact of a mass vaccination campaign against a meningitis epidemic in a refugee camp.
Serogroup A meningococcus epidemics occurred in refugee populations in Zaire in August 1994. The paper analyses the public health impact of a mass vaccination campaign implemented in a large refugee camp. We compared meningitis incidence rates from 2 similar camps. In Kibumba camp, vaccination was implemented early in the course of the epidemic whilst in the control camp (Katale), vaccination was delayed. At a threshold of 15 cases per 100 000 population per week an immunization campaign was implemented. Attack rates were 94 and 134 per 100,000 in Kibumba and Katale respectively over 2 months. In Kibumba, one week after crossing the threshold, 121,588 doses of vaccine were administered covering 76% of all refugees. Vaccination may have prevented 68 cases (30% of the expected cases). Despite its rapid institution and the high coverage achieved, the vaccination campaign had a limited impact on morbidity due to meningitis. In the early phase in refugee camps, the relative priorities of meningitis vaccination and case management need to be better defined
Wintertime convection and frontal interleaving in the Southern Ocean
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution March, 1980The Southern Ocean as defined here is the body of water between the
Antarctic Continent and the Antarctic Polar Front, (APF). This ocean is
considered important in the global thermodynamic balance of the
ocean-atmosphere system because large planetary heat losses are believed
to occur at high latitudes. The ocean and atmosphere must transport
heat poleward to balance these losses. In the Southern Hemisphere, the
oceanic contribution to this flux involves a southward transport of heat
across the APF into the Southern Ocean where it is given up to the
atmosphere through air-sea interactions.
In Part I, the air-sea interactions and structure of the near
surface waters of the Southern Ocean are investigated with a three
dimensional time dependent numerical model. The surface waters in this
region in summer are characterized by a relatively warm surface mixed
layer with low salinity. Below this layer, a cold temperature extremum
is usually observed in vertical profiles which is believed to be the
remnant of a deep surface mixed layer produced in winter. The
characteristics of this layer, the surface mixed layer and the observed
distribution of wintertime sea ice are reproduced well by this model.
Unlike some other sea-ice models the air-sea heat exchange is a free
variable. Model estimates of the annual heat loss by the Southern Ocean
exhibit the observed meridional variation of heat gained by the ocean
along the APF with heat lost further south. The model's area average
heat loss is much smaller than that estimated with direct observations.
While several model parameterizations were made which could be in error,
the model results suggest that the Southern Ocean does give up vast
amounts of heat to the atmosphere away from the continental margins.
The model results and direct calculations of air-sea exchanges
suggest a southward heat flux must occur across the APF. The lateral
water mass transition across the front is not discontinuous but occurs
over a finite sized zone of fluid which is dominated by intrusive
finestructure. The characteristics and dynamics of these features are
investigated in Part II to try and assess their importance in the
meridional heat budget.
Observations made on two cruises to the APF are presented and the
space-time scales of the features and thermohaline characteristics are
discussed. It is suggested that double diffusive processes dominated by
salt fingering are active within the intrusions. An extension of
Stern's (1967) model of the stability of a thermohaline front to
intrusive finestructure driven by saltfingering where small scale
viscous processes are included, is presented to explain why intrusions
are observed in frontal zones. The model successfully predicts vertical
scales of intrusions observed in the ocean and the observed dependence
of the intrusions' slopes across density surfaces on the vertical
scale. Since the fastest growing intrusion is not strongly determined
by the model, though, it is likely that finite amplitude effects
determine the dominant scale of interleaving in the ocean.
The analysis predicts that intrusions transport heat, salt and
density down the mean gradients of the front. For the APF, this heat
flux is poleward which is the direction required by the global heat
budget. This model does not describe intrusions at finite amplitude or
in steady state and so cannot be used to estimate the magnitude of the
poleward heat flux due to intrusions in the APF.The research reported on here, and my support as a graduate student was provided by the National Science Foundation through grants OCE 75 14056. OCE 76 82036 and OCE 77 28355
Integrating Feminist Approaches in Counseling Work With Adult Women
The scope of ‘women’s issues’ in counseling is an ever-evolving landscape. Recent events such as the reversal of Roe v. Wade and the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on women serve as powerful reminders of the necessity of this focus while underscoring a deep-rooted history of oppressive patriarchal structures. Therefore, counselors must remain informed of the unique considerations surrounding adult women in counseling and acquire proficiency in versatile techniques to meet this population’s nuanced needs. This article examines the complexity of contemporary womanhood and explores the fundamentals of Feminist Counseling Theory (FCT), a holistic, multiculturally conscious, social justice theory in counseling. It further illustrates the benefits of FCT as a foundational framework supportive of various women’s concerns and demonstrates how the integration of FCT into counseling settings will enrich the counselor-client relationship and allow for improved outcomes
Coupling Human Mobility and Social Ties
Studies using massive, passively data collected from communication
technologies have revealed many ubiquitous aspects of social networks, helping
us understand and model social media, information diffusion, and organizational
dynamics. More recently, these data have come tagged with geographic
information, enabling studies of human mobility patterns and the science of
cities. We combine these two pursuits and uncover reproducible mobility
patterns amongst social contacts. First, we introduce measures of mobility
similarity and predictability and measure them for populations of users in
three large urban areas. We find individuals' visitations patterns are far more
similar to and predictable by social contacts than strangers and that these
measures are positively correlated with tie strength. Unsupervised clustering
of hourly variations in mobility similarity identifies three categories of
social ties and suggests geography is an important feature to contextualize
social relationships. We find that the composition of a user's ego network in
terms of the type of contacts they keep is correlated with mobility behavior.
Finally, we extend a popular mobility model to include movement choices based
on social contacts and compare it's ability to reproduce empirical measurements
with two additional models of mobility
Patient Care Technology and the Nurse-Patient Relationship
Background: Technological devices are increasingly used in healthcare and their proliferation has providers questioning the impact on the patient-provider relationship. Technological device integration has been studied in the primary care setting, less extensively in the acute care setting. The impact of device use on the nurse-patient relationship in acute care setting required further study, particularly with nursing\u27s history of holistic practice incorporating caring and presence. Objectives: The study purpose was to explore the patient\u27s perceptions of nurse caring and presence when technological devices were used in care delivery in the acute care setting. Specific aims were: 1) to describe the levels of nurse technological competency as caring and patient perceptions of caring and nurse presence, 2) to examine the relationships between patient and nurse demographics and levels of nurse technological competency as caring and patient perceptions of caring and nurse presence, and 3) to explore qualitatively the perceptions of the nurse and patient of technological device use in care delivery. Methods: A mixed methods, descriptive, concurrent embedded design with convenience sampling was conducted in early 2014 with 112 nurse and 115 patient participants. Study measures included the Technological Competency as Caring in Nursing Instrument, the Caring Behaviors Inventory-24, and the Presence of Nursing Scale. Qualitative data was derived from semi-structured interviews with a smaller subset of participants. The setting was a community adult acute care hospital in the southwestern United States. Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted using SPSS version 22. Results: Nurses rated their technological competency as caring high, with a mean score of 82.71. Demographically, Asians reported a significantly higher mean score (M = 86.04) than other races. Patients rated overall nurse caring behaviors high (M = 5.44) with the positive connectedness subscale having the lowest mean score (M = 5.16). Gender and pain significantly influenced patient caring scores -- males rated overall caring, assurance of human presence, and positive connectedness higher than females. Positive connectedness was inversely related to pain occurrence. Patients rated nurse presence high (M = 115.82); age was positively correlated and significantly predicted presence scores. Qualitative themes included safety, learning and balance. Conclusions: This study examined ratings of nurse technological competency as caring, patient perceptions of caring and nurse presence in the context of an increasingly pervasive high technology environment. Safety, learning, and balance were themes which emerged when providers and patients reflected on how technology and device use was operationalized during care delivery
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the oceanic heat and freshwater budgets
Hydrographic sections that span the Antarctic Circumpolar Current are used to estimate the zonal heat and freshwater transports south of Africa, New Zealand and America. These in tum are used to calculate the exchanges of heat and freshwater between the three major oceans...
Fine- and microstructure observations at Fieberling Guyot : R/V New Horizon cruise report
This report describes fine- and microstructure profile data taken on a cruise to Fieberling Guyot, a seamount in the northeast
subtropical Pacific Ocean. The work performed at sea, instruments used, data return and processing procedures will be summarized
here. This cruise took place between March 4 and March 28, 1991 on the R/V New Horizon. and was part of the interdisciplinary
Accelerated Research Initiative (ARI) for Abrupt Topography sponsored by the Office of Naval Research. An overall goal of the
ARI was to understand the physical, biological, and geological processes occurring near a seamount.
The scientific objective of the Seamount Mixing Cruise was to collect data describing the oceanic fine-scale velocity and
density fields, as well as the related turbulence and mixing in the vicinity of the seamount. The High Resolution Profiler (HRP)
was deployed 95 times above and around the seamount. As well, two test dives were conducted on the way to the site, and eight
deployments completed in deep basdins off the southern California coast before returning to port. The near-synoptic surveys of
the seamount were completed with the deployment of 128 Expendable Current Profilers (XCP's). The temperature field of the
upper 760 meters of water within a 50 kilometer radius of the seamount was mapped using 144 Expendable Bathythermographs
(XBT's).Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through
Grant No. NOOOI4-89-J-1073
Interannual sea level variability in the western North Atlantic : regional forcing and remote response
© The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 40 (2013): 5915–5919, doi:10.1002/2013GL058013.Annually averaged sea level (1970–2012) measured by tide gauges along the North American east coast is remarkably coherent over a 1700 km swath from Nova Scotia to North Carolina. Satellite altimetry (1993–2011) shows that this coherent interannual variability extends over the Middle Atlantic Bight, Gulf of Maine, and Scotian Shelf to the shelf break where there is a local minimum in sea level variance. Comparison with National Center for Environmental Prediction reanalysis winds suggests that a significant fraction of the detrended sea level variance is forced by the region's along-shelf wind stress. While interannual changes in sea level appear to be forced locally, altimetry suggests that the changes observed along the coast and over the shelf may influence the Gulf Stream path downstream of Cape Hatteras.M. Andres
gratefully acknowledges support from the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution’s Coastal Ocean Institute. G. Gawarkiewicz acknowledges the
support of NSF grant OCE-1129125
A New Discrete Analytic Signal for Reducing Aliasing in the Discrete Wigner-Ville Distribution
It is not possible to generate an alias-free discrete Wigner--Ville distribution (DWVD) from a discrete analytic signal. This is because the discrete analytic signal must satisfy two mutually exclusive constraints. We present, in this article, a new discrete analytic signal that improves on the commonly used discrete analytic signal's approximation of these two constraints. Our analysis shows that---relative to the commonly used signal---the proposed signal reduces aliasing in the DWVD by approximately 50%. Furthermore, the proposed signal has a simple implementation and satisfies two important properties, namely, that its real component is equal to the original real signal and that its real and imaginary components are orthogonal
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