The Numerical Realities of Tolkappiyar in Muthollaayiram

It is no exaggeration to say that literature helps to understand the richness of a language. Though there are many kinds of literature in Tamil that trace the history of thousands of years, it is classical literature that is noteworthy. One of the classical texts, Muthollaayiram, carries the history of the Chera, Chola, and Pandya kings their valour, gifts, the country's greatness, prosperity, etc. It is composed in muthollaayiyiram venba verse and has all the grammatical elements together with woven syllables such as alliteration, rhyme, and harmony. Among them is the reality of words, in the substance of difference in the object of weeping, loss, and movement as states on the basis of delusion, novelty, and fear in the substance of God (leadership) The subject matter of pride and charity has also been explored. Moreover, the innocence and the happiness of reality have also been examined in detail in this article

The Palmar Cutaneous Branch of Median Nerve - Its Clinical importance in Carpal Tunnel Release: A Cadaver study

INTRODUCTION: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common compressive neuropathy of the median nerve at the wrist. In patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, the median nerve under the flexor retinaculum is tightly packed with the long flexor tendons of the fingers with their surrounding synovial sheaths. The decompression of median nerve by sectioning the transverse carpal ligament (flexor retinaculum) is well accepted as the treatment of choice for patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. It is assumed that most of the postoperative complications are due to injuries to the distal branches of the median nerve. The palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve was one of the main branches of median nerve that can easily get injured during open carpal tunnel release. The precise zone of sensation in the palm is difficult to define, due to the extensive overlap of sensory supply from the main median nerve. The evolution of the technique of carpal tunnel release reflects growing awareness of the cutaneous innervations of the palm and its implication on postoperative scar tenderness. AIMS OF THE STUDY: 1. To study and trace the anatomic course of palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. 2. To analyze the variations of palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. 3. To assess the other sensory nerve contributions to the palm. 4. To analyze the post operative sequelae following accidental division of palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve in carpal tunnel release. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 24 hands of 12 cadavers were dissected. The incision was made from mid-forearm, extending vertically up to distal wrist crease. The incision turned towards the ulnar half of ring finger up to distal palmar crease. Then the incision turned towards the ulnar aspect of thumb. The incision was deepened. The palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve was traced from midforearm and traced along its course. The median nerve was identified between the tendon of flexor Carpi radialis and Palmaris longus (PL) and then was picked up. Each PCN was identified using blunt dissection, and was traced proximally to its intraneural origin from the median nerve. Each PCBMN was then carefully dissected distally, dividing the skin overlying its course and tracing individual branches radially, and towards the ulnar side until its termination in the undersurface of the skin. The variations and other sensory nerve contributions were noted. The findings were recorded, photographed and tabulated. CONCLUSIONS: Palmar Cutaneous branch of Median nerve is not a myth. • But it is not present as it is described in text books. • It is not a constant branch of Median nerve. • It could be absent unilaterally or bilaterally. • Our dissections show that PCBMN supplies mainly thenar eminence. • So, accidental division of Palmar Cutaneous Branch of Median Nerve may not cause sensory loss in the palm as there are additional contributions from branches from median nerve and common digital nerves

KNOWLEDGE ON HYPOGLYCEMIA AMONG PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS.

 Objective: The objective of the study is to assess the level of knowledge on hypoglycemia among patients with diabetes mellitus in the rural community. Hypoglycemia is an acute complication of diabetes mellitus. The recognition of hypoglycemia and immediate treatment of hypoglycemia should be known by all the diabetic patients so that treatment of hypoglycemia may not be delayed, need for hospitalization could be avoided, and life-threatening complications due to hypoglycemia may be prevented.Methods: A cross-sectional research design was adopted with 60 samples who met the inclusion criteria in the rural community in India. Structured interview method was used to collect the data. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.Result: Of 60 samples, 38 (63.33%) had inadequate knowledge, 12 (20%) of them had moderately adequate knowledge, and 10 (16.67%) of them had adequate knowledge. There is a significant association between the age and type of treatment at the level of p<0.05 with the level of knowledge on hypoglycemia.Conclusion: The study findings emphasized that majority of the patients with diabetes mellitus do not have the knowledge on hypoglycemia. The health-care professional has an important role in educating diabetics on hypoglycemia so that hypoglycemic episodes and morbidity could be reduced or prevented

In Vitro Propagation of Ruta Chalepensis Through and Callus Culture

Plant tissue culture is a field that that enables culturing of various plants and parts of plants usually treated under a nutrient medium and in highly sterile conditions. Out of them callus culture is one of the very interesting arenas of plant biotechnology that encompasses many pivotal benefits.  The study focuses on such callus enrichment using different hormones that there by enhance its biological activities. The plant namely Ruta chalepensiswas chosen upon wherein the callus growth was noticed.  Ruta chalepensis has multiple medicinal activities like anti-cancer, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic and many more pharmacological properties that yields in treating and curing of illness. Ruta chalepensis the leaf and internode were taken for the study and to analyse which of those at what concentration of plant growth regulators showed a better callus induction. The MS medium as well as Various hormone concentrations was used for the study like auxin and cytokinin from 0.5mg to 2 mg (2,4 – D, NAA, IAA, IBA). Increased concentration of 2,4-D (1.0 mg/L) alone in the MS medium showed profused callus growth. Both the explants used such as leaf and Internode were also tested in the MS medium which was devoid of hormones/plant growth regulators which was treated as control for comparison. From the data obtained, MS medium supplemented with hormones showed better growth rate and callus induction when compared with that of MS medium without hormones/plant growth regulators. Among the plant growth regulators 2,4-D (1.0 mg/L) showed maximum callus initiation from both leaf and internode explants. Further work was carried out in single and combination of the plant growth regulators for callus proliferation and accumulation. Further analysis is being done to study the growth pattern on combination of hormones and fix the hormone concentrations for the mass propagation of callus from the explants

Phytochemical Screening and Analysis of Antioxidant Activity from The Botanical Extract of The Plant Martynia Annua

Medicinal plants, enriched by nature with potent compounds, hold great promise in developing natural drugs with minimal side effects. This study focuses on Martynia annua, a plant species renowned for its medicinal potential. We aimed to identify and quantify phytochemicals in its leaf extracts and evaluate their in vitro antioxidant activity. Methanol, hexane, and water were used as solvents for extraction. Qualitative analysis revealed a range of pharmacologically active phytochemicals, including alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, proteins, amino acids, phenols, fixed oils, and terpenoids. Methanolic extract exhibited the highest diversity, with eight distinct compounds. Quantitative analysis showed that methanolic extract contained the most phenols (0.5 mg/g) and carbohydrates (12 mg/g), while hexane had the highest flavonoid content (319 mg/g), and aqueous extract displayed the most protein (53.57 mg/g). Antioxidant assays demonstrated the superior performance of methanolic extract, with maximum inhibitory percentages of 92.99% (DPPH), 94.28% (FRAP), 76.11% (ion chelating), and an IC50 value of 52.17 µg/ml, indicating its remarkable antioxidant potential. These findings underscore Martynia annua as a valuable source for phytochemicals with significant antioxidant properties, particularly in the methanolic leaf extract, holding promise for future therapeutic developments.

Dichloridobis(1-ethyl-2,6-dimethyl­pyridinium-4-olate-κO)zinc(II)

In the title compound, [ZnCl2(C9H13NO)2], the ZnII ion is coordinated by two Cl− anions and two O atoms of two zwitterionic organic ligands in a distorted tetra­hedral arrangement. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into sheets parallel to the bc plane by C—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.669 (1) Å]

c-3,t-3-Dimethyl-4-oxo-r-2,c-6-diphenyl­piperidine-1-carboxamide

In the title compound, C26H26N2O2, the piperidinone ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. The two phenyl rings substituted at positions 2 and 6 of the piperidinone ring occupy axial and equatorial orientations, which are approximately perpendicular to each other [89.14 (8)°]. The phenyl­carbamoyl group adopts an extended conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions

Bio Characterization via FTIR and GCMS Analysis of Cucurbita variety (Yellow and White Pumpkin)

The current study aimed to conduct phytochemical screening, FTIR, and GCMS analysis in squash (Cucurbita pepo L.,) also known as a yellow and white selected pumpkin. It’s one of the dicotyledonous vegetables consumed in daily diets that imparts high inhibitor properties of inflammation, cancer, and diabetes. Traditionally it is used as an anti-helminthic remedy. The phytochemical characterization can facilitate seeking out the substance with a therapeutic property. The peel, flesh, and seed sample of each pumpkin variety were used as sources and extracted consecutively with ethyl acetate and acetonitrile using the maceration method. Phytochemical screening and quantification were carried out by standard analytical methods. The functional groups of the sample extracts were analyzed using FT-IR methods. Further, phytochemical profiling was carried out utilizing the GCMS technique to identify the therapeutically important chemicals contained in the sample. Phytochemical analysis of ethyl acetate and acetonitrile extracts showed the presence of major components like alkaloids, phenol, carbohydrate, and proteins. The farthest alkaloid, phenol, carbohydrate, and protein varied consequently for different parts like peel, flesh, and seed. The FT-IR analysis of each extract in the peel, flesh, and seed revealed that the ethyl acetate extract had the most functional groups. The major peak was characterized at wavelength 3004.24 to 3421.05 nm which indicates O-H functional group. Further quantification and GC-MS analysis were performed in ethyl acetate extract. Remarkably, GC-MS analysis of yellow and white pumpkin ethyl acetate extracts showed the utmost 6 - 8 compounds within the flesh part. Further, employing these compounds for anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial assays may aid in the discovery of new drugs for therapeutic applications