A RESEARCH ON THE UREA HYDROLYSIS RATE IN THE SOILS OF THRACE REGION

It seems that urea fertilizers have advantages over ammonium nitrate fertilizers in terms of leaching losses when they are applied in February. On the other hand, the losses from the urea fertilizers in the form of NH3 gas when they are applied in February which is damp and cool, may be considered to be non signifi cant, which becomes a profound idea. Conducting fi eld trials on the investigation of suitable time and rate of urea fertilizers application may be suggested a way to be followed. According to the diagnosis from the research, hydrolyse of urea is bound to features of the soil. In the beginning of the incubation for the fact hydrolysis of urea is fast that features of soil. Dry wheat agriculture which takes major part in our agriculture, urea’s progress of hydrolysis ensure suitable and balanced fertilizing and also ensure the amount and quality of crop increase in a fi eld. It has to be emphasized with processing of an adequate and balanced program of fertilizing is useful both our economy and environment

Grade 3C open femur fractures with vascular repair in adults

Grade 3C open femur fractures are challenging injuries with higher rates of complications. This is a retrospective review of grade 3C open femur fractures with vascular repair between 2002 and 2012. Outcomes included initial MESS score, additional injuries, duration of operation, complications, secondary operations or amputations, and social life implications. Thirty-one of 39 total patients were selected for revascularization and fracture fixation based on soft tissue injury and MESS score. The intra-operative approach included temporary arterial shunt replacement, orthopedic fixation, arterial reconstruction venous and/or nerve repair and routine fasciotomies. An external fixation and reverse saphenous vein graft was used in a majority of the patients (respectively; 93.5%, 90.3%). The mean follow up was 5.4 years (range 2.2-10). The decision to amputate versus salvage should be left up to patients and their care teams after discussing options and future possibilities rather than using a scoring system

Sleep quality, depression, and quality of life in elderly hemodialysis patients

Kultigin Turkmen,1 Fatih Mehmet Erdur,1 Ibrahim Guney,2 Abduzhappar Gaipov,1 Faruk Turgut,3 Lutfullah Altintepe,2 Mustafa Saglam,1 Halil Zeki Tonbul,1 Emaad M Abdel-Rahman41Division of Nephrology, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram, Konya, Turkey; 2Division of Nephrology, Meram Research and Training Hospital, Meram, Konya, Turkey; 3Division of Nephrology, Iskenderun State Hospital, Iskenderun, Hatay, Turkey; 4Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USAObjective: Both the incidence and the prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in elderly patients are increasing worldwide. Elderly ESRD patients have been found to be more prone to depression than the general population. There are many studies that have addressed the relationship between sleep quality (SQ), depression, and health related quality of life (HRQoL) in ESRD patients, but previous studies have not confirmed the association in elderly hemodialysis (HD) patients. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to demonstrate this relationship in elderly HD patients.Patients and methods: Sixty-three elderly HD patients (32 females and 31 males aged between 65 and 89 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. A modified Post-Sleep Inventory (PSI), the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short form health survey, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were applied.Results: The prevalence of poor sleepers (those with a PSI total sleep score [PSI-4 score] of 4 or higher) was 71% (45/63), and the prevalence of depression was 25% (16/63). Of the 45 poor sleepers, 15 had depression, defined as a BDI score of 17 or higher. Poor sleepers had a significantly higher rate of diabetes mellitus (P = 0.03), significantly higher total BDI scores, and lower Physical Component Scale scores (ie, lower HRQoL) than good sleepers. The PSI-4 score correlated negatively with Physical Component Scale (r = −0.500, P < 0.001) and Mental Component Scale scores (r = −0.527, P < 0.001) and it correlated positively with the BDI score (r = 0.606, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, independent variables of PSI-4 score were BDI score (beta value [β] = 0.350, P < 0.001), Mental Component Scale score (β = −0.291, P < 0.001), and age (β = 0.114, P = 0.035).Conclusion: Poor SQ is a very common issue and is associated with both depression and lower HRQoL in elderly HD patients.Keywords: health-related quality of life, end-stage renal disease, poor sleep quality, Post-Sleep Inventory, Beck Depression Inventor