Recent advances in the formation of phase inversion membranes made from amorphous or semi-crystalline polymers

Structural characteristics in membranes formed by diffusion induced phase separation processes are discussed. Established theories on membrane formation from ternary systems can be extended to describe the effects of high or low molecular weight additives. A mechanism for the formation of nodular structures in the top layer of ultrafiltration membranes is presented. In the last part structures arising from polymer crystallization during immersion precipitation are discussed

Diversity of the G-protein family: sequences from five additional α subunits in the mouse

Biochemical analysis has revealed a number of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) that mediate signal transduction in mammalian systems. Characterization of their cDNAs uncovered a family of proteins with regions of highly conserved amino acid sequence. To examine the extent of diversity of the G protein family, we used the polymerase chain reaction to detect additional gene products in mouse brain and spermatid RNA that share these conserved regions. Sequences corresponding to six of the eight known G protein alpha subunits were obtained. In addition, we found sequences corresponding to five newly discovered alpha subunits. Our results suggest that the complexity of the G protein family is much greater than previously suspected

Alternative splicing produces transcripts encoding two forms of the α subunit of GTP-binding protein G_o

The α subunit of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein G_o ("o" for other) is believed to mediate signal transduction between a variety of receptors and effectors. cDNA clones encoding two forms of G_o α subunit were isolated from a mouse brain library. These two forms, which we call G_(o)Aα and G_(o)Bα, appear to be the products of alternative splicing. G_(o)Aα differs from G_(o)Bα over the C-terminal third of the deduced protein sequence. Both forms are predicted to be substrates for ADP-ribosylation by pertussis toxin. G_(o)Aα transcripts are present in a variety of tissues but are most abundant in brain. The G_(o)Bα transcript is expressed at highest levels in brain and testis. It is possible that G_(o)Aα and G_(o)Bα have different functions

Local and chain dynamics in miscible polymer blends: A Monte Carlo simulation study

Local chain structure and local environment play an important role in the dynamics of polymer chains in miscible blends. In general, the friction coefficients that describe the segmental dynamics of the two components in a blend differ from each other and from those of the pure melts. In this work, we investigate polymer blend dynamics with Monte Carlo simulations of a generalized bond-fluctuation model, where differences in the interaction energies between non-bonded nearest neighbors distinguish the two components of a blend. Simulations employing only local moves and respecting a non-bond crossing condition were carried out for blends with a range of compositions, densities, and chain lengths. The blends investigated here have long-chain dynamics in the crossover region between Rouse and entangled behavior. In order to investigate the scaling of the self-diffusion coefficients, characteristic chain lengths $N_\mathrm{c}$ are calculated from the packing length of the chains. These are combined with a local mobility $\mu$ determined from the acceptance rate and the effective bond length to yield characteristic self-diffusion coefficients $D_\mathrm{c}=\mu/N_\mathrm{c}$. We find that the data for both melts and blends collapse onto a common line in a graph of reduced diffusion coefficients $D/D_\mathrm{c}$ as a function of reduced chain length $N/N_\mathrm{c}$. The composition dependence of dynamic properties is investigated in detail for melts and blends with chains of length twenty at three different densities. For these blends, we calculate friction coefficients from the local mobilities and consider their composition and pressure dependence. The friction coefficients determined in this way show many of the characteristics observed in experiments on miscible blends.Comment: 12 pages, 13 figures, editorial change

Modeling electrodialysis and a photochemical process for their integration in saline wastewater treatment.

Oxidation processes can be used to treat industrial wastewater containing non-biodegradable organic compounds. However, the presence of dissolved salts may inhibit or retard the treatment process. In this study, wastewater desalination by electrodialysis (ED) associated with an advanced oxidation process (photo-Fenton) was applied to an aqueous NaCl solution containing phenol. The influence of process variables on the demineralization factor was investigated for ED in pilot scale and a correlation was obtained between the phenol, salt and water fluxes with the driving force. The oxidation process was investigated in a laboratory batch reactor and a model based on artificial neural networks was developed by fitting the experimental data describing the reaction rate as a function of the input variables. With the experimental parameters of both processes, a dynamic model was developed for ED and a continuous model, using a plug flow reactor approach, for the oxidation process. Finally, the hybrid model simulation could validate different scenarios of the integrated system and can be used for process optimization

Transitions of tethered polymer chains: A simulation study with the bond fluctuation lattice model

A polymer chain tethered to a surface may be compact or extended, adsorbed or desorbed, depending on interactions with the surface and the surrounding solvent. This leads to a rich phase diagram with a variety of transitions. To investigate these transitions we have performed Monte Carlo simulations of a bond-fluctuation model with Wang-Landau and umbrella sampling algorithms in a two-dimensional state space. The simulations' density of states results have been evaluated for interaction parameters spanning the range from good to poor solvent conditions and from repulsive to strongly attractive surfaces. In this work, we describe the simulation method and present results for the overall phase behavior and for some of the transitions. For adsorption in good solvent, we compare with Metropolis Monte Carlo data for the same model and find good agreement between the results. For the collapse transition, which occurs when the solvent quality changes from good to poor, we consider two situations corresponding to three-dimensional (hard surface) and two-dimensional (very attractive surface) chain conformations, respectively. For the hard surface, we compare tethered chains with free chains and find very similar behavior for both types of chains. For the very attractive surface, we find the two-dimensional chain collapse to be a two-step transition with the same sequence of transitions that is observed for three-dimensional chains: a coil-globule transition that changes the overall chain size is followed by a local rearrangement of chain segments.Comment: 17 pages, 12 figures, to appear in J. Chem. Phy

Characterization of G-protein α subunits in the Gq class: expression in murine tissues and in stromal and hematopoietic cell lines

Murine Gα14 and Gα15 cDNAs encode distinct α subunits of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). These alpha subunits are related to members of the Gq class and share certain sequence characteristics with Gαq, Gα11, and Gα16, such as the absence of a pertussis toxin ADP-ribosylation site. Gα11 and Gαq are ubiquitously expressed among murine tissues but G alpha 14 is predominantly expressed in spleen, lung, kidney, and testis whereas Gα15 is primarily restricted to hematopoietic lineages. Among hematopoietic cell lines, Gα11 mRNA is found in all cell lines tested, Gαq is expressed widely but is not found in most T-cell lines, Gα15 is predominantly expressed in myeloid and B-cell lineages, and Gα14 is expressed in bone marrow adherent (stromal) cells, certain early myeloid cells, and progenitor B cells. Polyclonal antisera produced from synthetic peptides that correspond to two regions of Gα15 react with a protein of 42 kDa expressed in B-cell membranes and in Escherichia coli transformed with Gα15 cDNA. The expression patterns that were observed in mouse tissues and cell lines indicate that each of the alpha subunits in the Gq class may be involved in pertussis toxin-insensitive signal-transduction pathways that are fundamental to hematopoietic cell differentiation and function

Macroscopic Symmetry Group Describes Josephson Tunneling in Twinned Crystals

A macroscopic symmetry group describing the superconducting state of an orthorhombically twinned crystal of YBCO is introduced. This macroscopic symmetry group is different for different symmetries of twin boundaries. Josephson tunneling experiments performed on twinned crystals of YBCO determine this macroscopic symmetry group and hence determine the twin boundary symmetry (but do not experimentally determine whether the microscopic order parameter is primarily d- or s-wave). A consequence of the odd-symmetry twin boundaries in YBCO is the stability of vortices containing one half an elementary flux quantum at the intersection of a twin boundary and certain grain boundaries.Comment: 6 pages, to be published in the Proceedings of the MOS96 Conference in the Journal of Low Temperature Physic

Larval dispersal in a changing ocean with an emphasis on upwelling regions

Dispersal of benthic species in the sea is mediated primarily through small, vulnerable larvae that must survive minutes to months as members of the plankton community while being transported by strong, dynamic currents. As climate change alters ocean conditions, the dispersal of these larvae will be affected, with pervasive ecological and evolutionary consequences. We review the impacts of oceanic changes on larval transport, physiology, and behavior. We then discuss the implications for population connectivity and recruitment and evaluate life history strategies that will affect susceptibility to the effects of climate change on their dispersal patterns, with implications for understanding selective regimes in a future ocean. We find that physical oceanographic changes will impact dispersal by transporting larvae in different directions or inhibiting their movements while changing environmental factors, such as temperature, pH, salinity, oxygen, ultraviolet radiation, and turbidity, will affect the survival of larvae and alter their behavior. Reduced dispersal distance may make local adaptation more likely in well-connected populations with high genetic variation while reduced dispersal success will lower recruitment with implications for fishery stocks. Increased dispersal may spur adaptation by increasing genetic diversity among previously disconnected populations as well as increasing the likelihood of range expansions. We hypothesize that species with planktotrophic (feeding), calcifying, or weakly swimming larvae with specialized adult habitats will be most affected by climate change. We also propose that the adaptive value of retentive larval behaviors may decrease where transport trajectories follow changing climate envelopes and increase where transport trajectories drive larvae toward increasingly unsuitable conditions. Our holistic framework, combined with knowledge of regional ocean conditions and larval traits, can be used to produce powerful predictions of expected impacts on larval dispersal as well as the consequences for connectivity, range expansion, or recruitment. Based on our findings, we recommend that future studies take a holistic view of dispersal incorporating biological and oceanographic impacts of climate change rather than solely focusing on oceanography or physiology. Genetic and paleontological techniques can be used to examine evolutionary impacts of altered dispersal in a future ocean, while museum collections and expedition records can inform modern-day range shifts

Evolution of local recruitment and its consequences for marine populations

Advantages of dispersal on the scales that are possible in a long pelagic larval period are not apparent, even for benthic species. An alternative hypothesis is that wide dispersal may be an incidental byproduct of an ontogenetic migration from and then back to the parental habitat. Under this hypothesis, the water column is a better habitat than the bottom for early development. Because the parental area is often an especially favorable habitat for juveniles and adults, selection may even favor larval retention or larval return rather than dispersal. Where larval capabilities and currents permit, a high percentage of recruits may then be produced from local adults. Expected consequences of a high proportion of local recruitment are stronger links between stock and recruitment, greater vulnerability to recruitment overfishing and local modifications of habitat, greater local benefits from fishery reserves, and possibly more localized adaptation within populations. Export of some larvae is consistent with a high proportion of retained or returning larvae, could stabilize populations linked by larval exchange, and provide connectivity between marine reserves. Even a small amount of larval export could account for the greater gene flow, large ranges, and long evolutionary durations seen in species with long pelagic larval stages