Mechanical performance and microstructural properties of cement mortars containing MSWI BA as a minor additional constituent

Along with an increase in the amount of municipal waste being incinerated, the amount of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash (MSWI BA) is growing every year. Combined with limited landfill sites in the Netherlands, this necessitates new applications for the MSWI BA disposal. The larger MSWI BA fractions (&gt; 3 cm) can be successfully used as a natural aggregate substitute in concrete. At the same time, the fine MSWI BA fraction (&lt; 3 cm) has several drawbacks (high porosity, high contaminant content, metallic aluminum, etc.), which make it difficult to use this way. However, if this fine MSWI BA fraction is subjected to treatment that eliminates these shortcomings, it can become a product suitable as a Minor Additional Constituent (MAC) for cement (&lt; 5 % w/w). The addition of MAC allows to use less cement without having a negative influence on its properties, therefore reducing the carbon footprint, and utilizing suitable waste materials (instead of landfilling them). In this paper, mortars and pastes containing the decontaminated (by sieving out the most contaminated fraction &lt; 125 µm) and mechanically treated MSWI BA &lt; 3 mm was used as a cement replacement in the range of 0–20 %. Three types of milled fines were studies, two of them had a particle-size distribution close to CEMI 42.5 and 52.5 to determine the optimum percentage of cement replacement, while the third was not optimized. Effects of MSWI BA fine replacements were studied in terms of mechanical properties, hydration (isothermal calorimetry), microstructure (optical microscopy), and the environmental impact (the standard leaching test by ICP–AES and ion chromatography). The results showed that the mildly milled fines, with a cement replacement of 1 %, are most suitable as a MAC as they have the lowest environmental impact, and no negative effects on the mechanical properties (compressive strength).</p

Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash Fines: Transformation into a Minor Additional Constituent for Cements

Increasing amounts of waste are incinerated every year; therefore, the amount of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash (MSWI BA) also increases. At the same time, limited landfill space and the goal of achieving a circular economy dictate the search for MSWI BA applications. Large fractions are successfully used to replace aggregates in concrete, but the MSWI BA fraction < 3 mm has several disadvantages, such as high porosity and high contamination that make its application as aggregate or cement replacement difficult. However, finding a tailored treatment can turn these fines into a potential filler material (Minor Additional Constituent, MAC, 5% w/w) in Portland cement. This paper investigates milled fines that were produced out of MSWI BA fines (0.125–3 mm) to match the size distribution of CEM I 52.5 R and CEM I 42.5 N. They are also compared to the untreated fines (< 0.125 mm) from the same MSWI BA. The influence of milling on the fines was investigated by SEM (morphological analysis) and the leaching test to assess the potential environmental impact. Studied by isothermal calorimetry, the effect of the designed fines on cement hydration appears to be very small and the results for the mechanical performance of mortars show that all fines examined in the study might be considered as potential MACs

Entwicklung eines neuen High-Speed-Videoendoskopie-Systems

Hintergrund: Die High-Speed-Videoendoskopie (HSV) ist ein Verfahren um die Schwingungen der Stimmlippen räumlich und zeitlich genau aufzulösen. Allerdings sind zurzeit keine aktuellen HSV-Systeme kommerziell erhältlich. Eingesetzte Systeme verwenden veraltete Soft- und Hardware. In einer vom BMWi geförderten Industriekooperation entwickeln wir ein innovatives HSV-System mit neuester Hardware und computerbasierten Analysemethoden.Material und Methoden: Wir haben eine Marktanalyse der Hauptkomponenten eines HSV-Systems durchgeführt und uns auf Kameras fokussiert, die eine räumliche Auflösung von mindestens einem Megapixel und eine zeitliche Auflösung von mindestens 4000 Bildern pro Sekunde ermöglichen. Für die Analyse der HSV-Daten haben wir state-of-the-art Deep Learning Methoden (u.a. ein U-Net) eingesetzt.Ergebnisse: Erste Versuche mit der neuen Hardware zeigen eine starke qualitative Steigerung der Bildqualität im direkten Vergleich mit etablierten Systemen, speziell bei Farbkameras. Eine neue Haltevorrichtung für Mikrofone wurde erprobt. Unsere implementierten neuronalen Netze segmentieren vorhandene und neue HSV-Daten vollautomatisch (Intersection of the Union - IoU mit Testdaten =0.731) und übertreffen qualitativ derzeitig etablierte Methoden, wie beispielsweise das semi-automatisch Threshold-basierte Region Growing.Diskussion: Die hohe Sensitivität der Hochgeschwindigkeitskamera sowie die hoch qualitative Optik von Endoskop und Videoadapter beweisen eine hohe Bildqualität, insbesondere bei Farbaufnahmen. Ein weiteres Ziel ist die einfache Synchronisation von Video- und Audioaufnahmen, um ein ganzheitliches Bild der Stimme zu erhalten.Die Funktionalität, Qualität und Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit der neu entwickelten voll automatischen Segmentierung ist signifikant verbessert. Um die Anwendbarkeit der Analysesoftware weiteren Instituten zur Verfügung zu stellen, erweitern wir den Funktionsbereich, so dass auch sehr heterogene Daten voll automatisiert werden.Fazit: Durch die sorgfältige Auswahl der Hardware und die neuentwickelte, anwenderfreundliche Software mit integrierter voll automatischer Segmentierung präsentieren wir einen Prototypen, der eine große klinische Akzeptanz verspricht. Wir erwarten, dass unser HSV-System im Verlauf des Projekts die klinische Reife erlangt

Gold nanoparticles decorated with oligo(ethylene glycol) thiols: surface charges and interactions with proteins in solution.

We have studied oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) thiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) coated gold nanoparticles (AuOEG) and their interactions with proteins in solutions using electrophoretic and dynamic light scattering (ELS and DLS). The results are compared with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) thiol coated AuNPs (AuPEG). We show that both AuOEG and AuPEG particles carry a low net negative charge and are very stable (remaining so for more than one year), but long-term aging or dialysis can reduce the stability. If the decorated AuNPs are mixed with bovine serum albumin (BSA), both effective size and zeta-potential of the AuNPs remain unchanged, indicating no adsorption of BSA to the colloid surface. However, when mixed with lysozyme, zeta-potential values increase with protein concentrations and lead to a charge inversion, indicating adsorption of lysozyme to the colloid surface. The colloidal solutions of AuOEG become unstable near zero charge, indicated by a cluster peak in the DLS measurements. The AuPEG solutions show similar charge inversion upon addition of lysozyme, but the solutions are stable under all experimental conditions, presumably because of the strong steric effect of PEG. Washing the protein bound colloids by centrifugation can remove only part of the adsorbed lysozyme molecules indicating that a few proteins adsorb strongly to the colloids. The effective charge inversion and rather strongly bound lysozyme on the colloid surface may suggest that in addition to the charges formed at the SAM-water interface, there are defects on the surface of the colloid, which are accessible to the proteins. The results of this study of surface charge, and stability shed light on the interaction with proteins of SAM coated AuNPs and their applications

Gold nanoparticles decorated with oligo(ethylene glycol) thiols: surface charges and interactions with proteins in solution.

We have studied oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) thiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) coated gold nanoparticles (AuOEG) and their interactions with proteins in solutions using electrophoretic and dynamic light scattering (ELS and DLS). The results are compared with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) thiol coated AuNPs (AuPEG). We show that both AuOEG and AuPEG particles carry a low net negative charge and are very stable (remaining so for more than one year), but long-term aging or dialysis can reduce the stability. If the decorated AuNPs are mixed with bovine serum albumin (BSA), both effective size and zeta-potential of the AuNPs remain unchanged, indicating no adsorption of BSA to the colloid surface. However, when mixed with lysozyme, zeta-potential values increase with protein concentrations and lead to a charge inversion, indicating adsorption of lysozyme to the colloid surface. The colloidal solutions of AuOEG become unstable near zero charge, indicated by a cluster peak in the DLS measurements. The AuPEG solutions show similar charge inversion upon addition of lysozyme, but the solutions are stable under all experimental conditions, presumably because of the strong steric effect of PEG. Washing the protein bound colloids by centrifugation can remove only part of the adsorbed lysozyme molecules indicating that a few proteins adsorb strongly to the colloids. The effective charge inversion and rather strongly bound lysozyme on the colloid surface may suggest that in addition to the charges formed at the SAM-water interface, there are defects on the surface of the colloid, which are accessible to the proteins. The results of this study of surface charge, and stability shed light on the interaction with proteins of SAM coated AuNPs and their applications

Industrial waste: characterization, modification and applications of residues De Gruyter STEM./ edited by Herbert Pöllmann.

In English.Includes bibliographical references and index.Industrial residues are obtained from all treatments of raw materials in industry during the process of mining, raw materials treatment and final usage. During these processes of enrichment, optimization and utilization of raw materials only part of the original material can be used for the dedicated application and some left-over parts remain. This contribution focuses on residues like mining overburdens, ore residues and ore processing residues like slags, but also on incineration ashes and water purification muds. Natural materials like pozzolanes, due to their potential of CO2-reduction, are also included. Based on this knowledge secondary reusable materials due to their chemical, physical and mineralogical properties can be identified. Also different characterization methods for analysing the potential for further application of these residues are included.Part 1. Measurement and properties. chapter 1. Characterization of supplementary cementitious materials and their quantification in cement blends by solid-state NMR / Jørgen Skibsted ; chapter 2. Mineralogical quantification of cements, wastes and supplementary cementitious materials / Sabrina Galluccio, Herbert Pöllmann ; chapter 3. Microstructure analysis with quantitative phase mapping using SEM-EDS and Phase Recognition and Characterization (PARC) Software: applied to steelmaking slag / Katrin Schollbach, Sieger van der Laan ; chapter 4. The use of µXRF in the characterization of industrial wastes and pozzolanes / H. Pöllmann, R. Kilian -- Part 2. Characterization of industrial residues. chapter 5. Characterization of supplementary cementitious materials : Brown coal fly ashes / Stefan Stöber, Herbert Pöllmann ; chapter 6. Iron and steel slags: from wastes to by-products of high technical, economical and ecological advantages / Andreas Ehrenberg ; chapter 7. Utilization of Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in Portland cement, alkali activated and ternary binders / Thomas A. Bier, Eva Kränzlein, Elsa Qoku, Sandra Waida ; chapter 8. Study of some physico chemical properties of plastic clays belonging to Girujan deposits from Chumoukedima Nagaland, India and their prospective industrial applications / Chubaakum Pongener, Koweteu Sekhamo, Rajib Lochan Goswamee -- Part 3. Use and application of industrial residues. chapter 9. Conversion of CO2 into useful products / N. B. Singh ; chapter 10. Mine tailings as precursors for alkali-activated materials and ettringite binders / Mirja Illikainen, Jenni Kiventerä ; chapter 11. Industrial waste as fuel and raw material in the cement industry / Thomas Neumann ; chapter 12. Fly ash from municipal solid waste Incineration: from industrial residue to resource for zinc / Kai Tandon, Soraya Heuss-Aßbichler ; chapter 13. Residues of industrial wastewater treatment: Hazardous waste or anthropogenic resource? / Iphigenia Anagnostopoulos, Soraya Heuss-Aßbichler ; chapter 14. Composites of some sustainable siliceous materials for the removal of fluoride from ground water and immobilization of the sludge generated / Susmita Sarmah, Jitu Saikia, Pinky Saikia, Champa Gogoi, Rajib Lochan Goswamee -- Part 4. Residues from mining. chapter 15. Characterization and mineral processing options of "Kupferschiefer"-type low-grade black shale ore from mining dumps in Central Germany / Andreas Kamradt ; chapter 16. Rare-earth elements in phosphogypsum and mineral processing residues from phosphate-rich weathered alkaline ultramafic rocks, Brazil / Tim Rödel, Stefan Kiefer, Gregor Borg ; chapter 17. The Mn oxides tailing from Amazon Region as low-cost raw material to synthesis of shigaite-type phase / Kássia L. L. Marinho, Bruno A. M. Figueira, Dorsan S. Moraes, Oscar J. C. Fernandez, Marcondes L. da Costa ; chapter 18. Eco-cements out of Belterra Clay: An extensive Brazilian bauxite overburden to produce low-CO2 eco-friendly calcium sulphoaluminate based cements / Leonardo Boiadeiro Ayres Negrão, Herbert Pöllmann, Marcondes Lima da Costa.1 online resource (XII, 592 p.)