Adaptation des prati ques d’élevage des producteurs de l’Ouest du Burkina Faso face aux contraintes foncières et sanitaires

Dans les exploitations agricoles familiales de l’Ouest du Burkina Faso, l’élevage joue un socio-économique et culturel important. Cependant sa productivité est limitée principalement par des contraintes alimentaires et sanitaires. Cet article analyse ses contraintes et la diversité des pratiques d’alimentation et de soins développées par les producteurs pour y faire face. Les données ont été collectées par la méthode active de recherche participative et par enquête auprès d’un échantillon raisonné de 120 exploitations de la commune de Koumbia. L’analyse de variance (ANOVA) a été utilisée pour comparer les caractéristiques structurelles des agriculteurs, agro-éleveurs et éleveurs et le test de Khi2 pourcomparer leurs pratiques d’élevage.Les résultats montrent que les stratégies d’alimentation des animaux sont plus variées que celles pour les soins. En saison des pluies, la taille élevée du cheptel des éleveurs ne leur permet pas l’accès aux bas-fonds (p < 0,01). Leurs animaux sont essentiellement sur les collines (p < 0,05) et illégalement dans les forêts classées (p < 0,5). En saison sèche, la pâture illégale des forêts classées par leurs animaux s’accentue (p < 0,01) et bon nombre partent en transhumance (p < 0,001). La distribution des résidus de cultures est marquée pour les veaux/velles (p < 0,001) et les vaches allaitantes (p < 0,001) chez les éleveurs, pour les boeufs de trait (p< 0,001) chez les agriculteurs et pour les animaux destinés à la vente chez les agro-éleveurs (p < 0,05). Les éleveurs distribuent plus de tourteau de coton aux vaches allaitantes (p < 0,001). Les agriculteurs vaccinent prioritairement les bovins tandis que les agro-éleveurs et éleveurs ciblent les bovins et les ovins (p < 0,01). Le déparasitage externe touche en premier lieu les bovins chez les agriculteurs et tous les ruminants chez les autres types de producteurs (p < 0,001). Des contraintes alimentaires et sanitaires handicapent l’élevage, dont l’amélioration de la productivité nécessite une synergie d’action des acteurs.Mots clés: exploitation agricole, pratiques d’élevage, alimentation du bétail, santé animale, Afrique de l’OuestEnglish Title: Diversity of breeding practices in western cotton zone of Burkina FasoEnglish AbstractIn the family farm in Burkina Faso West, the breeding have a socio-economic and cultural important part.However its productivity is limited mainly by the food and medical constraints.This article analyzes the constraints and the diversity of animal feeding and health practices developed by producers to make face. The data were collected through participative approach and by  investigation near reasoned sample of 120 farmers in the district of Koumbia. The Anova was used to compare the structural characteristics of the farmers, agro-stockbreeders and stockbreeders and the Khi2 test to compare their breeding practices.The results show that animal feeding strategies varied thanhealth strategies. In rainy season, the high size of the livestock of the stockbreeders does not give to them access underworld (p < 0,01). Their animals are primarily on the hills (p < 0.05) and illegally in the classified forests (p < 0.5). In dry season, the illegal grazing ground of the forests classified by their animals is accentuated (p < 0.01) and good number leave in transhumance (p < 0.001). The distribution of the residues of cultures is shacked with for calves (p < 0.001) and the suckler cows (p<0.001) in the stockbreeders, for oxen of feature (p < 0.001) in the farmers, for the animals to be soldin the agro-stockbreeders (p < 0.05).The stockbreeders distribute more oil cake of cotton to the suckler cows (p < 0.001). The farmers vaccinate the cattle firstly while the agro-stockbreeders and stockbreeders target the cattle and the sheep (p < 0,01). The external déparasitage initially touches the cattle in the farmers and all the ruminants at the other farmer’s types (p < 0.001).Food and medical constraints handicap the breeding.A synergy action of the actors is necessary to improve his productivity.Keywords: farm, breeding practices, animal feed, animal health, West Afric

Campylobacter Spp. Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility in a Developing Country, Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Data on campylobacteriosis are almost nonexistent in Burkina Faso. In this study conducted from 2006 to 2008 in Ouagadougou, stool specimens and sociodemographic data were collected from 1 246 patients attending the university teaching hospital for enteritis. Stool samples were analyzed for the presence of Campylobacter by the direct culture method on selective mCCDA agar followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing on the isolated strains. The isolation rate of Campylobacter was 2.3%,comprising of the following species C. jejuni (51.8%), C. coli (13.8%), and C. upsaliensis (3.5%). However, 30.9% of the isolates were unidentified. No resistant strain was found to gentamicin. The resistance to amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (3.4%) was lower than those (10.3-34.5%) to the other antibiotics: erythromycin (10.3%), tetracycline (10.3%), ciprofloxacin (13.8%), amoxicillin (24.1%) and ceftriaxone (34.5%), nalidixic acid (34.5%). Significant associations were found between Campylobacter enteritis and contact with animals (P=0.03), and HIV infection (P<0.0001), in contrast to other sociodemographic and seasonal factors. From the data obtained Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid appear to be the first choice for treatment. The implementation of a national program may be helpful in controlling the spread of the disease and the increase of resistance to antibiotics.Keywords: Campylobacter, epidemiology, HIV, drug resistance, Burkina Fas

Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection among blood donors in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Background: In Burkina Faso, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay is not routinely used in the biological qualification of blood donations and this constitutes a risk factor for the transmission of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during blood transfusion. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of occult B infection (OBI) among blood donors for the purposes of improved blood safety in Burkina Faso. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 300 HBsAg negative blood donors was conducted in the city of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso from April to October 2020. Anti-HBc antibody was determined using the BOSON® brand rapid tests. HBV DNA was detected in 75 selected donors by real-time PCR (rt PCR) using the 7500 Fast Real Time PCR assay technique. Results: Of the 300 HBsAg negative donors, 208 (69.3%) were males while 92 (30.7%) were females, with average age of 30.18 years. Anti-HBc antibody was detected in 39 cases (13%). Of the 75 donor samples tested by rt PCR, 3 (4%) were positive for HBV DNA (occult B infection); 2 of which were anti-HBc antibody positive (seropositive OBI) while 1 was anti-HBc antibody negative (seronegative OBI). Conclusion: Given the prevalence of OBI of 4% in this study and its consequences in blood recipients, it appears necessary that in addition to the classic serological markers of hepatitis B, to test for the presence of HBV DNA among blood donors in order to improve transfusion safety. Keywords: Prevalence, Occult B infection; Blood donors, Ouagadougou.   French title: Prévalence de l'infection occulte par le virus de l'hépatite B chez les donneurs de sang à Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Contexte: Au Burkina Faso, la polymérase chain réaction (PCR) n’est pas utilisée lors de la qualification biologique des dons et cela constitue un facteur de risque de transmission de l’Infection Occulte du virus B (VHB) lors des transfusions sanguines. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence de l’infection occulte B chez les donneurs de sang en vue d’une meilleure sécurité transfusionnelle. Méthodologie: Une étude transversale prospective, réalisée d’avril à octobre 2020 dans la ville de Ouagadougou incluant 300 donneurs de sang AgHBs négatif. L’anticorps anti HBc a été déterminé par les tests rapides de marque BOSON®. L’ADN du VHB a été recherché chez 75 donneurs par PCR en temps réel (rt PCR) avec le 7500 Fast Real Time PCR. Résultats: Parmi les 300 donneurs AgHBs négatifs, 208 (69,3%) étaient des hommes et 92 (30,7%) des femmes. L’âge moyen était de 30,18 ans. La recherche de l’Ac anti-HBc était positive dans 39 cas (13 %). Parmi les 75 échantillons passés à la rt PCR, 3 (4%) étaient positifs pour l’ADN du VHB. Sur les 3 cas d’ADN VHB positifs, 2 (66,67%) étaient positifs Ac anti HBc et 1 (33,33%) Ac anti HBc négatif. Conclusion: Compte tenu de la prévalence de l’infection occulte B et ses conséquences chez les donneurs de sang et chez les receveurs, il devient nécessaire de rechercher, en plus des marqueurs sérologiques classiques de l’hépatite B, l’ADN VHB pour une meilleure sécurité transfusionnelle. Mots clés: Prévalence, Infection occulte de l’HBV, Donneurs de sang, Ouagadougou &nbsp

Loads scheduling for demand response in energy communities

peer reviewedThis paper focuses on optimizing the collective self-consumption rate in energy communities by scheduling members’ loads. The community remains connected to the public grid and comprises prosumers, traditional consumers, and distributed storage units. Prosumers can exchange their energy with the public grid or other members. The proposed strategy aims at implementing a Demand Side Management program taking advantage of controllable loads’ characteristics. A MILP formulation of the problem allows, on the one hand, to give the optimal planning for electrical devices’ operations. On the other hand, it provides optimal solutions for managing the storage units, peer-to-peer exchanges, and interactions with the public grid to minimize the energy flows from the public grid over time. However, this MILP only allows for solving small problem instances. Thus, we develop a column generation-based heuristic for large problem instances. Our numerical experiments based on real data collected in the south of France show that joining an energy community saves money on energy bills and reduces the total energy drawn from the primary grid by at least 15%

Meningococcal carriage and cerebrospinal meningitis after MenAfriVac mass immunization in Burkina Faso

The aims of this study were to evaluate the impact of conjugate vaccine A, MenAfriVac, on Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) asymptomatic carriage and cerebrospinal meningitis in three health districts (Bogodogo, Kaya, and Dandé) of Burkina Faso. Asymptomatic carriage of Nm was assessed by performing cross-sectional studyrepeated (rounds 1 to 10) before and after introduction of the conjugate vaccine against serogroup A of N. meningitidis (NmA), MenAfriVac. In each round at least 1,500 people were enrolled in each district for a month. Data oncases of meningococcal meningitis in the three studied health districts were collected through meningitides epidemiological surveillance of Burkina Faso.Nm was identified in680 of 23,885 throat swabs before vaccination (2. 84%)withNmYasthe dominant serogroup(1.87%). During the same period (2009 and 2010), 891 cases of suspected meningitis were reported in the three health districts among whom 42 were due toNm (4.71%) withNmX (3.70%) asthe most frequently identified serogroup. After vaccination, Nm was identified in 1117 of 27,245 pharyngeal samples (6.42%); NmX (4.42%) wasthe dominantserogroup. From 2011 to 2013, 965 cases of suspected meningitis were reported in all health facilities in the three studied health districts located in the geographical study area; 91 was due toNm (9.43%) andNmWasthe most commonserogroup(52 cases= 5.38%).After introduction of conjugate vaccine A (MenAfriVac), the NmAserogroup almost disappeared both in asymptomatic carriers and in patients with cerebrospinal meningitis. However the presence of the NmW and NmXserogroups, which appear to have replaced serogroup A, is very worrying with regard to meningitis prevention and control in Burkina Faso. It appears necessary to strengthen surveillance and laboratory diagnosis of the different meningococcal serogroups circulating in Africa.Keywords: meningococcal meningitis, serogroups W and X, meningococcal carriage, MenAfriVac

Effect of type and level of roughage offered to sheep and urine addition on compost quality and millet growth and production in the Sahel

A greenhouse trial was carried out at the International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), at Sadoré (13°15′ N, 2°18′ E), Niger. Experiments were conducted in conjunction with a feeding trial. The feeding trial yielded eight types of compost made from faeces and leftovers with or without urine addition from sheep fed either bush straw or millet stover offered at 60 or 80 g dry matter (DM) kg−1 live weight (LW). In the second trial the agronomic value of composts to a millet crop was evaluated. The level of roughage on offer did not affect compost quality. Urine addition increased N content in composts (P<0.05), but had no effect on P. Millet stover based composts contained 24% more N and 42.5% more P than composts made with bush straw (P<0.05). Urine addition enhanced millet growth between 15 and 60 days after planting (DAP), increased millet aboveground mass by a factor 2.8, and increased the efficiency of N and P use by 100% and 50%, respectively. Millet response (growth, phytomass, N and P uptake, apparent efficiency of N and P use) to urine addition was higher with millet stover based composts than with bush straw based composts (P<0.05). It was concluded that addition of urine during composting of roughage leftovers and faeces from stall-fed animals could significantly improve nutrient recycling and consequently the productivity of mixed farming systems of semi-arid West Afric

Etude de la dynamique de la population adulte d’Anopheles gambiae s.l. et du polymorphysme allélique du gène TEP1 en période de transmission du paludisme dans la commune rurale de Bancoumana, Mali.

Etude de la dynamique des populations d’Anopheles gambiae s.l et polymorphisme allélique du gène TEP1 en période de transmission du paludisme dans la commune rurale de Bancoumana, Mali. La lutte anti vectorielle est une stratégie importante de lutte contre le paludisme, elle permet l’interruption dans la chaîne de transmission du paludisme. Cette lutte inclut la connaissance approfondie du vecteur et les facteurs environnementaux qui ont une influence sur sa vie. L’objectif de cette étude est d’étudier la dynamique de la population adulte d’An.gambiae s.l. et d’évaluer le polymorphisme allélique du gène TEP1 impliqué dans la lyse parasitaire chez le vecteur. Cette étude était conduite dans une zone d’endémie palustre à Nanguilabougou et son hameau de culture Kouroubabougou dans la commune rurale de Bancoumana entre Juin 2014 et Novembre 2015 durant la saison de transmission du paludisme. Les moustiques étaient collectés à l’aide de pièges lumineux, conservés dans des tubes de 50 ml contenant de l’éthanol à 70%, ont été traités au laboratoire avec la PCR (extraction de l’ADN, identification des espèces et génotypage). En 2014 parmi les 1433 moustiques collectés, l’espèce An. coluzzii était prédominante 72,2%, suivi d’An. gambiae 21,1% et l’hybride An. coluzzi/gambiae 3,1%. La même situation était observée en 2015 sur 6612 moustiques collectés, An. coluzzii 72,4%, An. gambiae 16,7% et l’hybride 0,4%. Deux An. arabiensis ont été trouvés en 2015. Une forte présence du génotype R1/R1 chez l’espèce An. coluzzii 85,2% en 2014 et 66,2% en 2015 a été constatée. L’espèce An. gambiae était plus associée au génotype S1/S1 en 2014 et S1/R2 en 2015. Les autres formes alléliques étaient faiblement présentes.An. coluzzi était prédominante parmi les espèces d’An. gambiae s.l. Elle avait une fréquence élevée du gène TEP1 impliqué dans la lyse parasitaire chez les moustiques

Contribution of Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies to Food Self-Sufficiency of Smallholder Households in Mali

Climate change has resulted in food insecurity for the majority of farming communities in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Mali. In this paper, we present a methodology for scaling climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technologies such as Contour Bunding (CB), Microdosing (MD), Intercropping (IC), Zaï pits, and Adapted crop Variety (AV) treatments, and evaluated their contribution to smallholder households’ food self-sufficiency. We used the participatory technology selection method and onfarm demonstration in order to tackle farm-related constraints. The study found that there has been a major shift in the spatial distribution of land use/land cover (LULC) classes between 2016 and 2020. About 25% of the areas changed from other land use/land cover to cropland. Crop yields obtained from CSA-treated fields were significantly higher than yields from farmers’ practice (FP). The application of CSA technologies resulted in millet yield increases by 51%, 35%, and 23% with contour bunding (CB), microdosing (MD) and intercropping (IC), respectively. With Zaï pits and adapted variety (AV) treatments, the yield increases were 69% and 27%, respectively. Further, the use of IC and MD technologies reduced the food-insecure household status to 13%, which corresponds to a food insecurity reduction of 60%. The application of Zaï technology reversed the negative status of food-insecurity to +4%, corresponding to a reduction in food insecurity of more than 100%. In the case of food-secure households, the application of CSA technologies led to increased food production. However, notwithstanding this, prospects for CSA in the Sahel hinge on the capacities of farming households and local extension agents to understand the environmental, economic and social challenges in the context of climate change, and consequently to self-mobilize in order to select and implement responsive technologies