3-D reconstructed ultrasound images of scoliotic spine.

<p>(a) Coronal plane; (b) Sagittal plane; (c) Transverse plane.</p

Bland–Altman plot assessing the agreement of coronal curvature measurements using ultrasound and MRI in the sample categories.

<p>(a) Level of apical vertebra in T1-T4; (b) Level of apical vertebra in T5-T8; (c) Level of apical vertebra in T9-T12; (d) Level of apical vertebra in L1-L5.</p

Clinical ultrasound system and ultrasound scan.

<p>(a) 3-D Ultrasound unit and a purpose-design couch; (b) Ultrasound scanning at supine position.</p

3-D reconstructed ultrasound images of scoliotic spine.

<p>(a) Coronal plane; (b) Sagittal plane; (c) Transverse plane.</p

Correlation of coronal curvature measurements using ultrasound and MRI in the sample categories.

<p>(a) Cobb angle: 10.2°~68.2°; (b) Cobb angle: 10.0°~20.0°; (c) Cobb angle: 20.0°~45.0°; (d) Variation in selected UEV = 0; (e) Variation in selected UEV = 1; (f) Variation in selected UEV = 2; (g) Variation in selected LEV = 0; (h) Variation in selected LEV = 1; (i) Variation in selected LEV = 2. UEV: upper-end vertebra; LEV: lower-end vertebra.</p

Inter-rater variation and reliability of coronal curvature assessments using ultrasound compared with MRI.

<p>MAD^a: mean absolute difference; SD^b: standard deviation; SEM^c: standard error of measurement; ICC^d: intra-class correlation coefficient; CI^d: confidence intervals</p><p>Inter-rater variation and reliability of coronal curvature assessments using ultrasound compared with MRI.</p

Bland–Altman plot assessing the agreement of coronal curvature measurements using ultrasound and MRI in the sample categories.

<p>(a) Cobb angle: 10.2°~68.2°; (b) Cobb angle: 10.0°~20.0°; (c) Cobb angle: 20.0°~45.0°; (d) Variation in selected UEV = 0; (e) Variation in selected UEV = 1; (f) Variation in selected UEV = 2; (g) Variation in selected LEV = 0; (h) Variation in selected LEV = 1; (i) Variation in selected LEV = 2. The central line represents mean differences (Bias); upper line shows mean+1.96SD and lower line mean-1.96SD. UEV: upper-end vertebra; LEV: lower-end vertebra.</p

Validation of coronal curvature assessments using ultrasound compared with MRI.

<p>UEV ^a: upper-end vertebra; LEV ^b: lower-end vertebra. The Bias, SD of bias and 95% Limits of Agreement are calculated from the Bland-Altman method.</p><p>Validation of coronal curvature assessments using ultrasound compared with MRI.</p

Spinal curvature measurement using.

<p>(a) Center of laminae (COL) method in ultrasound; (b) Cobb method in MRI.</p