Towards Risk Estimation in Automated Vehicles Using Fuzzy Logic

As vehicles get increasingly automated, they need to properly evaluate different situations and assess threats at run-time. In this scenario automated vehicles should be able to evaluate risks regarding a dynamic environment in order to take proper decisions and modulate their driving behavior accordingly. In order to avoid collisions, in this work we propose a risk estimator based on fuzzy logic which accounts for risk indicators regarding (1) the state of the driver, (2) the behavior of other vehicles and (3) the weather conditions. A scenario with two vehicles in a car-following situation was analyzed, where the main concern is to avoid rear-end collisions. The goal of the presented approach is to effectively estimate critical states and properly assess risk, based on the indicators chosen.This work was supported by the AMASS project (H2020- ECSEL) with grant agreement number 692474

Gastrointestinal stromal tumour in Meckel's diverticulum

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Meckel's Diverticulum is the most commonly encountered congenital anomaly of the small intestine, occurring in approximately 2% of the population. Occasionally Meckel's diverticulum harbors neoplasms.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 65 year old gentleman, presented with a pelvic mass. On exploratory laparotomy, it turned out to be gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) arising from Meckel's diverticulum. Short history and review of literature are discussed.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Neoplasms occurring from Meckel's diverticulum, even though rare, should be considered as differential diagnosis of pelvic masses arising from bowel, wherever imaging modalities fail to give a definitive diagnosis.</p

Standard vs delayed ligature of the dorsal vascular complex during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: results from a randomized controlled trial

Purpose: Prospective randomized trial to compare standard vs delayed approach to dorsal vascular complex (s-DVC vs d-DVC) in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). Methods: Patients scheduled for RARP were randomized into a 1:1 ratio to receive either s-DVC or d-DVC by two experienced surgeons. In s-DVC arm an eight-shaped single stitch was given at the beginning of the procedure and the DVC was subsequently cut at time of apical dissection; in d-DVC arm the plexus was transected at the end of prostatectomy, prior to apex dissection and then sutured. Primary endpoint was difference in estimated blood loss (EBL) and a sample size of 226 cases was calculated; ad interim analysis was planned after 2/3 of recruitment. Results: Endpoint was reached at ad interim analysis after 162 cases (81 s-DVC, 81 d-DVC) and recruitment was, therefore, interrupted. Baseline and tumor characteristics were overlapping. EBL was significantly higher in d-DVC arm (mean EBL 107 vs 65 ml, p = 0.003), but without differences in post-operative hemoglobin, transfusions and complications. Overall PSM rate was higher in d-DVC arm (21.0 vs 14.8%, p = 0.323), with statistical significance relatively to organ-confined disease (15.5 vs 3.6%, p = 0.031). Apical involvement was instead significantly higher in s-DVC arm (prevalence in PSM patients 66.7 vs 23.5%, p = 0.020). Post-operative PSA, continence and potency rates were similar between groups. Conclusions: Standard and delayed approaches to DVC are safe and lead to similar functional outcomes. A delayed approach exposes to a higher risk of PSM in organ-confined disease but with a lower risk of apical involvement

Il trattamento conservativo nel trauma splenico

The Authors mention the historical evolution that led to consider the splenectomy as the ideal operation in patients with post-traumatic lesions of the spleen. They linger then on the actual knowledges about the pathophysiology of this organ that determined a substantial change of mind toward a conservative treatment, when possible, reporting data from the literature. In haemodynamically stable patients with splenic trauma, conservative treatment is recommended to preserve the spleen and prevent potentially lethal post-splenectomy infectious complications. A personal observation of a 17-years-old boy who suffered splenic hematoma after a trauma is referred. The decision to adopt a non-operative strategy allowed the preservation of the spleen without complications. Every therapeutic choice must be consequent to an accurate clinical evaluation of the single patient, either it suggests a surgical abdomen's exploration in urgency or the monitoring of the patient. This curative strategy is supported by the considerable contribution offered by sophisticated methods of radiological imaging and by the commercialization of substances with an high sticking power. Laparoscopic management of spleen trauma can be used once a positive diagnosis has been made. It is useful for assessing the degree of splenic injury. It is an effective procedure for the evaluation and treatment of haemodynamic stable patients with splenic injuries for whom non operative treatment is controversial. In conclusion conservative procedure for splenic lesions must find a growing consent, but warning against a too large widening of the indications for the conservative treatment beyond true safety conditions

Air sampling methods to evaluate microbial contamination in operating theatres: results of a comparative study in an orthopaedics department

To evaluate the level of microbial contamination of air in operating theatres using active [i.e. surface air system (SAS)] and passive [i.e. index of microbial air contamination (IMA) and nitrocellulose membranes positioned near the wound] sampling systems

Approccio laparotomico vs. laparoscopico nella terapia chirurgica della malattia diverticolare del colon

Background: The aim of our study was to evaluate the treatment in patients diagnosed with acute symptomatic uncomplicated diverticulosis, uncomplicated acute recurrent diverticulitis or symptomatic acute complicated diverticulitis. METHODS: The data analysis allowed to divide 33 patients into different groups depending on the diagnosis according Hinchey's classifcation, evaluating the treatment (medical, surgical conservative/demolitive) and the surgical approach (open vs. laparoscopy). rESuLTS: We evaluated the duration of hospital stay, morbidity and mortality. We recorded similar results in terms of morbidity and mortality for the two types of surgical approach. We calculated operative times longest and reduced days of hospitalization in patients operated on laparoscopy. CONCLuSiONS: Based on our experience, the laparoscopic approach allows to obtain the same rates of perioperative morbidity and mortality, reducing surgical trauma, postoperative pain, ileus, resulting in a better cosmetic result, an earlier discharge and a more rapid return to work activities