Laboratory Evaluation of Isaria fumosorosea CCM 8367 and Steinernema feltiae Ustinov against Immature Stages of the Colorado Potato Beetle.

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, has developed resistance to most registered pesticides and has become one of the most difficult insect pests to control. Development of new biopesticides targeting this pest might solve the resistance problem and contribute to sustainable crop production. Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the efficacy of Isaria fumosorosea (syn. Paecilomyces fumosoroseus) strain CCM 8367 against L. decemlineata when applied alone or combined with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae. The last-instar larvae of the Colorado potato beetle showed the highest susceptibility to I. fumosorosea followed by pre-pupae and pupae. The median lethal concentration (LC50) was estimated to be 1.03×106 blastospores/ml. The strain CCM 8367 was more virulent, causing 92.6% mortality of larvae (LT50 = 5.0 days) compared to the reference strain Apopka 97, which caused 54.5% mortality (LT50 = 7.0 days). The combined application of the fungus with the nematodes increased the mortality up to 98.0%. The best results were obtained when S. feltiae was applied simultaneously with I. fumosorosea (LT50 = 2.0 days); later application negatively affected both the penetration rate and the development of the nematodes. We can conclude that the strain CCM 8367 of I. fumosorosea is a prospective biocontrol agent against immature stages of L. decemlineata. For higher efficacy, application together with an entomopathogenic nematode is recommended

English Loanwords in the Chinese Language

The presented paper is devoted to the description of English loanwords in Chinese. It describes the problems connected to their integration into the target language and it also introduces a short history of borrowing in Chinese and the current tendencies in borrowing foreign words into Chinese. This paper also shows the classification of loanwords according to both Western and Chinese linguistics and focuses on language changes in the process of borrowing

Cumulative mortality of <i>L</i>. <i>decemlineata</i> last-instar larvae treated by CCM 8367 and Apopka 97 strains of <i>I</i>. <i>fumosorosea</i>.

<p>Vertical bars indicate standard error.</p

Cumulative mortality of <i>L</i>. <i>decemlineata</i> last-instar larvae treated by <i>I</i>. <i>fumosorosea</i> CCM 8367 in combination with <i>S</i>. <i>feltia</i>e.

<p>Vertical bars indicate standard error.</p

Corrected mortality (%), mean survival time and LT₅₀ (days) of <i>L</i>. <i>decemlineata</i> last-instar larvae treated by <i>I</i>. <i>fumosorosea</i> CCM 8367 in combination with <i>S</i>. <i>feltia</i>e.

<p>Corrected mortality (%), mean survival time and LT₅₀ (days) of <i>L</i>. <i>decemlineata</i> last-instar larvae treated by <i>I</i>. <i>fumosorosea</i> CCM 8367 in combination with <i>S</i>. <i>feltia</i>e.</p

Longitudinal sections of <i>L</i>. <i>decemlineata</i> last-instar larvae infected with both <i>I</i>. <i>fumosorosea</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>feltia</i>e simultaneously.

<p>(A) Insect tissues with a few hyphal bodies of <i>I</i>. <i>fumosorosea</i> (yellow arrows) 48 hours after the treatment. (B) Hyphal bodies of <i>I</i>. <i>fumosorosea</i> (yellow arrows) penetrating epidermis (ep) and mesoderm tissues (me) 72 hours after the treatment. (C) Front part of a fertile adult female of <i>S</i>. <i>feltiae</i> (sf) full of eggs inside of tissue thoroughly invaded by hyphae of <i>I</i>. <i>fumosorosea</i> 72 hours after the treatment.</p

Mean body length and body width (μm±SE) of <i>S</i>. <i>feltia</i>e adults recovered from cadavers of <i>L</i>. <i>decemlineata</i> last-instar larvae infected by <i>I</i>. <i>fumosorosea</i> CCM 8367 and inoculated with 500 IJs per dish in different times after the fungus application.

<p>Mean body length and body width (μm±SE) of <i>S</i>. <i>feltia</i>e adults recovered from cadavers of <i>L</i>. <i>decemlineata</i> last-instar larvae infected by <i>I</i>. <i>fumosorosea</i> CCM 8367 and inoculated with 500 IJs per dish in different times after the fungus application.</p

Cumulative mortality of last-instar larvae, pre-pupae and pupae of <i>L</i>. <i>decemlineata</i> treated by <i>S</i>. <i>feltia</i>e.

<p>Dashed lines indicate mortality in controls. Vertical bars indicate standard error.</p

Concentration-mortality response of CPB larvae to <i>I</i>. <i>fumosorosea</i> strain CCM 8367.

<p>Concentration-mortality response of CPB larvae to <i>I</i>. <i>fumosorosea</i> strain CCM 8367.</p